Methods, Cells &amp; Organisms

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to an approach for introducing one or more desired insertions and/or deletions of known sizes into one or more predefined locations in a nucleic acid (eg, in a cell or organism genome). They developed techniques to do this either in a sequential fashion or by inserting a discrete DNA fragment of defined size into the genome precisely in a predefined location or carrying out a discrete deletion of a defined size at a precise location. The technique is based on the observation that DNA single-stranded breaks are preferentially repaired through the HDR pathway, and this reduces the chances of indels (eg, produced by NHEJ) in the present invention and thus is more efficient than prior art techniques. The invention also provides sequential insertion and/or deletions using single- or double-stranded DNA cutting.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application under 35 U.S.C. §120 of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 14/490,549, filed Sep. 18, 2014, which claims the benefit of Great Britain application number 1321210.5, filed Dec. 2, 2013, and Great Britain application number 1316560.0, filed Sep. 18, 2013, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The content of the following submission on ASCII text file is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readable form (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name: Sequence_Listing_14490549. txt, created on Apr. 8, 2016, size: 27,892 bytes).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The inventors have devised an approach for introducing one or more desired insertions and/or deletions of known sizes into one or more predefined locations in a nucleic acid (eg, in a cell or organism genome). They developed techniques to do this either in a sequential fashion or by inserting a discrete DNA fragment of defined size into the genome precisely in a predefined location or carrying out a discrete deletion of a defined size at a precise location. The technique is based on the observation that DNA single-stranded breaks are preferentially repaired through the HDR pathway, and this reduces the chances of indels (eg, produced by NHEJ) in the present invention and thus is more efficient than prior art techniques.

The inventors have also devised new techniques termed sequential endonuclease-mediated homology directed recombination (sEHDR) and sequential Cas-mediated homology directed recombination (sCHDR).

BACKGROUND

Certain bacterial and archaea strains have been shown to contain highly evolved adaptive immune defense systems, CRISPR/Cas systems, which continually undergo reprogramming to direct degradation of complementary sequences present within invading viral or plasmid DNA. Short segments of foreign DNA, called spacers, are incorporated into the genome between CRISPR repeats, and serve as a ‘memory’ of past exposures. CRISPR spacers are then used to recognize and silence exogenous genetic elements in a manner analogous to RNAi in eukaryotic organisms. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system including the CRISPR associated (Cas) protein has been reconstituted in vitro by a number of research groups allowing for the DNA cleavage of almost any DNA template without the caveat of searching for the right restriction enzyme cutter. The CRISPR/Cas system also offers a blunt end cleavage creating a dsDNA or, using mutated Cas versions, a selective single strand-specific cleavage (see Cong et al, Wang et al & Mali et al cited below).

Through in vitro studies using Streptococcus pyogenes type II CRISPR/Cas system it has been shown that the only components required for efficient CRISPR/Cas-mediated target DNA or genome modification are a Cas nuclease (eg, a Cas9 nuclease), CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA). The wild-type mechanism of CRISPR/Cas-mediated DNA cleavage occurs via several steps. Transcription of the CRISPR array, containing small fragments (20-30 base-pairs) of the encountered (or target) DNA, into pre-crRNA, which undergoes maturation through the hybridisation with tracrRNA via direct repeats of pre-crRNA. The hybridisation of the pre-crRNA and tracrRNA, known as guide RNA (gRNA or sgRNA), associates with the Cas nuclease forming a ribonucleoprotein complex, which mediates conversion of pre-crRNA into mature crRNA. Mature crRNA:tracrRNA duplex directs Cas9 to the DNA target consisting of the protospacer and the requisite protospacer adjacent motif (CRISPR/cas protospacer-adjacent motif; PAM) via heteroduplex formation between the spacer region of the crRNA and the protospacer DNA on the host genome. The Cas9 nuclease mediates cleavage of the target DNA upstream of PAM to create a double-stranded break within the protospacer or a strand-specific nick using mutated Cas9 nuclease whereby one DNA strand-specific cleavage motif is mutated (For example, Cas9 nickase contains a D10A substitution) (Cong et al).

It is worth noting that different strains of Streptococcus have been isolated which use PAM sequences that are different from that used by Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9. The latter requires a NGG PAM sequence. CRISPR/Cas systems (for example the Csy4 endoribonulcease in Pseudomonas aeroginosa (see Shah et al)) have been described in other prokaryotic species, which recognise a different PAM sequence (eg, CCN, TCN, TTC, AWG, CC, NNAGNN, NGG, NGGNG). It is noteworthy that the Csy4 (also known as Cas6f) has no sequence homology to Cas9 but the DNA cleavage occurs through a similar mechanism involving the assembly of a Cas-protein-crRNA complex that facilitates target DNA recognition leading to specific DNA cleavage (Haurwitz et al).

In vitro-reconstituted type II CRISPR/Cas system has been adapted and applied in a number of different settings. These include creating selective gene disruption in single or multiple genes in ES cells and also single or multiple gene disruption using a one-step approach using zygotes to generate biallelic mutations in mice. The speed, accuracy and the efficiency at which this system could be applied to genome editing in addition to its multiplexing capability makes this system vastly superior to its predecessor genome editing technologies namely zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and engineered homing meganucleases (Gaj et al & Perez-Pinera et al). These have been successfully used in various eukaryotic hosts but they all suffer from important limitations notably off-target mutagenesis leading to nuclease-related toxicity and also the time and cost of developing such engineered proteins. The CRISPR/Cas system on the other hand is a superior genome editing system by which mutations can be introduced with relative ease simply by designing a single guided RNA complementary to the protospacer sequence on the target DNA.

The dsDNA break induced by an endonuclease, such as Cas9, is subsequently repaired through non-homologous end joining mechanism (NHEJ) whereby the subsequent DNA repair at the breakpoint junction is stitched together with different and unpredictable inserted or deletions (indels) of varying size. This is highly undesirable when precise nucleic acid or genome editing is required. However a predefined precise mutation can be generated using homology directed repair (HDR), eg, with the inclusion of a donor oligo or donor DNA fragment. This approach with Cas9 nuclease has been shown to generate precise predefined mutations but the efficiency at which this occurs in both alleles is low and mutation is seen in one of the strands of the dsDNA target (Wang et al).

The CRISPR/Cas system does therefore have some limitations in its current form. While it may be possible to modify a desired sequence in one strand of dsDNA, the sequence in the other strand is often mutated through undesirable NHEJ.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first configuration of the present invention provides:—

A method of nucleic acid recombination, the method comprising providing dsDNA comprising first and second strands and

-   -   (a) using nucleic acid cleavage to create 5′ and 3′ cut ends in         the first strand;     -   (b) using homologous recombination to insert a nucleotide         sequence between the ends, thereby producing a modified first         strand; thereby producing DNA wherein the first strand has been         modified by said recombination but the second strand has not         been modified; and     -   (c) optionally replicating the modified first strand to produce         a progeny dsDNA wherein each strand thereof comprises a copy of         the inserted nucleotide sequence; and isolating the progeny         dsDNA.         A second configuration of the present invention provides:—     -   A method of nucleic acid recombination, the method comprising     -   (a) using nucleic acid cleavage to create 5′ and 3′ cut ends in         a single nucleic acid strand;     -   (b) using homologous recombination to insert a nucleotide         sequence between the ends, wherein the insert sequence comprises         a regulatory element or encodes all or part of a protein; and     -   (c) optionally obtaining the nucleic acid strand modified in         step (b) or a progeny nucleic strand comprising the inserted         nucleotide sequence.         A third configuration of the present invention provides:—

A method of nucleic acid recombination, the method comprising

-   -   (a) using nucleic acid cleavage to create first and second         breaks in a nucleic acid strand, thereby creating 5′ and 3′ cut         ends and a nucleotide sequence between the ends;     -   (b) using homologous recombination to delete the nucleotide         sequence; and     -   (c) optionally obtaining the nucleic acid strand modified in         step (b) or a progeny nucleic strand comprising the deletion.

In aspects of the configurations of the invention there is provided a method of sequential endonuclease-mediated homology directed recombination (sEHDR) comprising carrying out the method of any preceding configuration a first time and carrying out the method of any preceding configuration a second time. In this way, the invention enables serial nucleic acid modifications, e.g., genome modifications, to be carried out, which may comprise precise sequence deletions, insertions or combinations of these two or more times. For example, it is possible to use this aspect of the invention to “walk along” nucleic acids (e.g., chromosomes in cells) to make relatively large and precise nucleotide sequence deletions or insertions. In an embodiment, one or more Cas endonucleases (e.g., a Cas9 and/or Cys4) are used in a method of sequential Cas-mediated homology directed recombination (sCHDR).

In another aspect, the invention can be described according to the numbered sentences below:

1. A method of nucleic acid recombination, the method comprising providing dsDNA comprising first and second strands and (a) using nucleic acid cleavage to create 5′ and 3′ cut ends in the first strand; (b) using homologous recombination to insert a nucleotide sequence between the ends, thereby producing a modified first strand; thereby producing DNA wherein the first strand has been modified by said recombination but the second strand has not been modified; and (c) optionally replicating the modified first strand to produce a progeny dsDNA wherein each strand thereof comprises a copy of the inserted nucleotide sequence; and isolating the progeny dsDNA. 2. A method of nucleic acid recombination, the method comprising (a) using nucleic acid cleavage to create 5′ and 3′ cut ends in a single nucleic acid strand; (b) using homologous recombination to insert a nucleotide sequence between the ends, wherein the insert sequence comprises a regulatory element or encodes all or part of a protein; and (c) optionally obtaining the nucleic acid strand modified in step (b) or a progeny nucleic strand comprising the inserted nucleotide sequence. 3. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein the insert sequence replaces an orthologous or homologous sequence of the strand. 4. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein the insert nucleotide sequence is at least 10 nucleotides long. 5. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein the insert sequence comprises a site specific recombination site. 6. A method of nucleic acid recombination, the method comprising (a) using nucleic acid cleavage to create first and second breaks in a nucleic acid strand, thereby creating 5′ and 3′ cut ends and a nucleotide sequence between the ends; (b) using homologous recombination to delete the nucleotide sequence; and (c) optionally obtaining the nucleic acid strand modified in step (b) or a progeny nucleic strand comprising the deletion. 7. The method of sentence 6, wherein the deleted sequence comprises a regulatory element or encodes all or part of a protein. 8. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein step (c) is performed by isolating a cell comprising the modified first strand, or by obtaining a non-human vertebrate in which the method has been performed or a progeny thereof. 9. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein the nucleic acid strand or the first strand is a DNA strand. 10. The method of any preceding sentence wherein the product of the method comprises a nucleic acid strand comprising a PAM motif 3′ of the insertion or deletion. 11. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein step (b) is performed by carrying out homologous recombination between an incoming nucleic acid comprising first and second homology arms, wherein the homology arms are substantially homologous respectively to a sequence extending 5′ from the 5′ end and a sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end. 12. The method of sentence 11, wherein step (b) is performed by carrying out homologous recombination between an incoming nucleic acid comprising an insert nucleotide sequence flanked by the first and second homology arms, wherein the insert nucleotide sequence is inserted between the 5′ and 3′ ends. 13. The method of sentence 12, wherein the insert is as recited in any one of sentences 3 to 5 and there is no further sequence between the homology arms. 14. The method of any one of sentences 11 to 13, wherein each homology arm is at least 20 contiguous nucleotides long. 15. The method of any one of sentences 11 to 14, wherein the first and/or second homology arm comprises a PAM motif. 16. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein Cas endonuclease-mediated cleavage is used in step (a); optionally by recognition of a GG or NGG PAM motif. 17. The method of sentence 16, wherein a nickase is used to cut in step (a). 18. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein the method is carried out in a cell, e.g., a eukaryotic cell. 19. The method of sentence 19, wherein the method is carried out in a mammalian cell. 20. The method of sentence 19, wherein the cell is a rodent (e.g., mouse) ES cell or zygote. 21. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein the method is carried out in a non-human mammal, e.g., a mouse or rat or rabbit. 22. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein each cleavage site is flanked by PAM motif (e.g., a NGG or NGGNG sequence, wherein N is any base and G is a guanine). 23. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein the 3′ end is flanked 3′ by a PAM motif. 24. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein step (a) is carried out by cleavage in one single strand of dsDNA. 25. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein step (a) is carried out by combining in a cell the nucleic acid strand, a Cas endonuclease, a crRNA and a tracrRNA (e.g., provided by one or more gRNAs) for targeting the endonuclease to carry out the cleavage, and optionally an insert sequence for homologous recombination with the nucleic acid strand. 26. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein step (b) is performed by carrying out homologous recombination with an incoming nucleic acid comprising first and second homology arms, wherein the homology arms are substantially homologous respectively to a sequence extending 5′ from the 5′ end and a sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end, wherein the second homology arm comprises a PAM sequence such that homologous recombination between the second homology arm and the sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end produces a sequence comprising a PAM motif in the product of the method. 27. A method of sequential endonuclease-mediated homology directed recombination (sEHDR) comprising carrying out the method of any preceding sentence (e.g., when according to sentence 1 using a nickase to cut a single strand of dsDNA; or when dependent from sentence 2 or 5 using a nuclease to cut both strands of dsDNA) a first time and a second time, wherein endonuclease-mediated cleavage is used in each step (a); wherein the product of the first time is used for endonuclease-mediated cleavage the second time, whereby either (i) first and second nucleotide sequences are deleted the first time and the second times respectively; (ii) a first nucleotide sequence is deleted the first time and a second nucleotide sequence is inserted the second time; (iii) a first nucleotide sequence is inserted the first time and a second nucleotide sequence is deleted the second time; or (iv) first and second nucleotide sequences are inserted the first and second times respectively; optionally wherein the nucleic acid strand modification the second time is within 20 or less nucleotides of the nucleic acid strand modification the first time. 28. The method of sentence 27, wherein the first time is carried out according to sentence 6, wherein the incoming nucleic acid comprises no sequence between the first and second homology arms, wherein sequence between the 5′ and 3′ ends is deleted by homologous recombination; and/or the second time is carried out according to sentence 6, wherein step (b) is performed by carrying out homologous recombination between an incoming nucleic acid comprising first and second homology arms, wherein the homology arms are substantially homologous respectively to a sequence extending 5′ from the 5′ end and a sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end, wherein the incoming nucleic acid comprises no sequence between the first and second homology arms such that sequence between the 5′ and 3′ ends is deleted by homologous recombination; optionally wherein the second arm comprises a PAM motif such that the product of the second time comprises a PAM motif for use in a subsequent Cas endonuclease-mediated method according to any one of sentences 1 to 26. 29. The method of sentence 27, wherein the first time is carried out according to sentence 1 or 2, wherein the incoming nucleic acid comprises the insert sequence between the first and second homology arms, wherein the insert sequence is inserted between the 5′ and 3′ ends by homologous recombination; and/or the second time is carried out according to sentence 1 or 2, wherein step (b) is performed by carrying out homologous recombination between an incoming nucleic acid comprising first and second homology arms, wherein the homology arms are substantially homologous respectively to a sequence extending 5′ from the 5′ end and a sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end, wherein the insert sequence is inserted between the 5′ and 3′ ends by homologous recombination; optionally wherein the second arm comprises a PAM motif such that the product of the second time comprises a PAM motif for use in a subsequent Cas endonuclease-mediated method according to any one of sentences 1 to 26. 30. The method of sentence 27, wherein one of said first and second times is carried out as specified in sentence 28 and the other time is carried out as specified in sentence 29, wherein at least one sequence deletion and at least one sequence insertion is performed. 31. The method of any preceding sentence, wherein step (a) is carried out using Cas endonuclease-mediated cleavage and a gRNA comprising a crRNA and a tracrRNA. 32. The method of sentence 25 or 31, wherein the crRNA has the structure 5′-X-Y-3′, wherein X is an RNA nucleotide sequence (optionally at least 5 nucleotides long) and Y is a crRNA sequence comprising a nucleotide motif that hybridises with a motif comprised by the tracrRNA, wherein X is capable of hybridising with a nucleotide sequence extending 5′ from the desired site of the 5′ cut end. 33. The method of sentence 25, 31 or 32, wherein Y is 5′-N1UUUUAN2N3GCUA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3), wherein each of N1-3 is a A, U, C or G and/or the tracrRNA comprises the sequence (in 5′ to 3′ orientation) UAGCM1UUAAAAM2 (SEQ ID NO: 4), wherein M1 is spacer nucleotide sequence and M2 is a nucleotide. 34. A method of producing a cell or a transgenic non-human organism, the method comprising (a) carrying out the method of any preceding sentence to (i) knock out a target nucleotide sequence in the genome of a first cell and/or (ii) knock in an insert nucleotide sequence into the genome of a first cell, optionally wherein the insert sequence replaces a target sequence in whole or in part at the endogenous location of the target sequence in the genome; wherein the cell or a progeny thereof can develop into a non-human organism or cell; and (b) developing the cell or progeny into a non-human organism or a non-human cell. 35. The method of sentence 34, wherein the organism or cell is homozygous for the modification (i) and/or (ii). 36. The method of sentence 34 or 35, wherein the cell is an ES cell, iPS cell, totipotent cell or pluripotent cell. 37. The method of any one of sentences 34 to 36, wherein the cell is a rodent (e.g., a mouse or rat) cell. 38. The method of any one of sentences 34 to 37, wherein the target sequence is an endogenous sequence comprising all or part of a regulatory element or encoding all or part of a protein. 39. The method of any one of sentences 34 to 38, wherein the insert sequence is a synthetic sequence; or comprises a sequence encoding all or part of a protein from a species other than the species from which the first cell is derived; or comprises a regulatory element from said first species. 40. The method of sentence 39, wherein the insert sequence encodes all or part of a human protein or a human protein subunit or domain. 41. A cell or a non-human organism whose genome comprises a modification comprising a non-endogenous nucleotide sequence flanked by endogenous nucleotide sequences, wherein the cell or organism is obtainable by the method of any one of sentences 24 to 40 and wherein the non-endogenous sequence is flanked 3′ by a Cas PAM motif; wherein the cell is not comprised by a human; and one, more or all of (a) to (d) applies (a) the genome is homozygous for the modification; or comprises the modification at one allele and is unmodified by Cas-mediated homologous recombination at the other allele; (b) the non-endogenous sequence comprises all or part of a regulatory element or encodes all or part of a protein; (c) the non-endogenous sequence is at least 20 nucleotides long; (d) the non-endogenous sequence replaces an orthologous or homologous sequence in the genome. 42. The cell or organism of sentence 41, wherein the non-endogenous sequence is a human sequence. 43. The cell or organism of sentence 41 or 42, wherein the PAM motif comprises a sequence selected from CCN, TCN, TTC, AWG, CC, NNAGNN, NGGNG GG, NGG, WGG, CWT, CTT and GAA. 44. The cell or organism of any one of sentences 41 to 43, wherein there is a PAM motif no more than 10 nucleotides (e.g., 3 nucleotides) 3′ of the non-endogenous sequence. 45. The cell or organism of any one of sentences 41 to 44, wherein the PAM motif is recognised by a Streptococcus Cas9. 46. The cell or organism of any one of claims 41 to 45, which is a non-human vertebrate cell or a non-human vertebrate that expresses one or more human antibody heavy chain variable domains (and optionally no heavy chain variable domains of a non-human vertebrate species). 47. The cell or organism of any one of sentences 41 to 46, which is a non-human vertebrate cell or a non-human vertebrate that expresses one or more human antibody kappa light chain variable domains (and optionally no kappa light chain variable domains of a non-human vertebrate species). 48. The cell or organism of any one of sentences 41 to 47, which is a non-human vertebrate cell or a non-human vertebrate that expresses one or more human antibody lambda light chain variable domains (and optionally no kappa light chain variable domains of a non-human vertebrate species). 49. The cell or organism of any one of sentences 46 to 48, wherein the non-endogenous sequence encodes a human Fc receptor protein or subunit or domain thereof (e.g., a human FcRn or FcY receptor protein, subunit or domain). 50. The cell or organism of any one of sentences 41 to 48, wherein the non-endogenous sequence comprises one or more human antibody gene segments, an antibody variable region or an antibody constant region. 51. The cell or organism of any one of sentences 41 to 50, wherein the insert sequence is a human sequence that replaces or supplements an orthologous non-human sequence. 52. A monoclonal or polyclonal antibody prepared by immunisation of a vertebrate (e.g., mouse or rat) according to any one of sentences 41 to 51 with an antigen. 53. A method of isolating an antibody that binds a predetermined antigen, the method comprising (a) providing a vertebrate (optionally a mouse or rat) according to any one of sentences 41 to 51; (b) immunising said vertebrate with said antigen; (c) removing B lymphocytes from the vertebrate and selecting one or more B lymphocytes expressing antibodies that bind to the antigen; (d) optionally immortalising said selected B lymphocytes or progeny thereof, optionally by producing hybridomas therefrom; and (e) isolating an antibody (e.g., and IgG-type antibody) expressed by the B lymphocytes. 54. The method of sentence 53, comprising the step of isolating from said B lymphocytes nucleic acid encoding said antibody that binds said antigen; optionally exchanging the heavy chain constant region nucleotide sequence of the antibody with a nucleotide sequence encoding a human or humanised heavy chain constant region and optionally affinity maturing the variable region of said antibody; and optionally inserting said nucleic acid into an expression vector and optionally a host. 55. The method of sentence 53 or 54, further comprising making a mutant or derivative of the antibody produced by the method of sentence 53 or 54. 56. The use of an isolated, monoclonal or polyclonal antibody according to sentence 52, or a mutant or derivative antibody thereof that binds said antigen, in the manufacture of a composition for use as a medicament. 57. The use of an isolated, monoclonal or polyclonal antibody according to sentence 52, or a mutant or derivative antibody thereof that binds said antigen for use in medicine. 58. A nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody of sentence 52, optionally wherein the nucleotide sequence is part of a vector. 59. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antibodies of sentence 52 and a diluent, excipient or carrier. 60. An ES cell, a eukaryotic cell, a mammalian cell, a non-human animal or a non-human blastocyst comprising an expressible genomically-integrated nucleotide sequence encoding a Cas endonuclease. 61. The cell, animal or blastocyst of sentence 60, wherein the endonuclease sequence is constitutively expressible. 62. The cell, animal or blastocyst of sentence 60, wherein the endonuclease sequence is inducibly expressible. 63. The cell, animal or blastocyst of sentence 60, 61 or 62, wherein the endonuclease sequence is expressible in a tissue-specific or stage-specific manner in the animal or a progeny thereof, or in a non-human animal that is a progeny of the cell or blastocyst. 64. The cell or animal of sentence 63, wherein the cell is a non-human embryo cell or the animal is a non-human embryo, wherein the endonuclease sequence is expressible or expressed in the cell or embryo. 65. The cell of animal sentence 64, wherein the endonuclease is operatively linked to a promoter selected from the group consisting of an embryo-specific promoter (e.g., a Nanog promoter, a Pou5fl promoter or a SoxB promoter). 66. The cell, animal or blastocyst of any one of sentences 60 to 65, wherein the Cas endonuclease is at a Rosa 26 locus. 67. The cell, animal or blastocyst of any one of sentences 60 to 65, wherein the Cas endonuclease is operably linked to a Rosa 26 promoter. 68. The cell, animal or blastocyst of any one of sentences 60 to 63, wherein the Cas endonuclease sequence is flanked 5′ and 3′ by transposon elements (e.g., inverted piggyBac terminal elements) or site-specific recombination sites (e.g., loxP and/or a mutant lox, e.g., lox2272 or lox511; or frt). 69. The cell, animal or blastocyst of sentence 68, comprising one or more restriction endonuclease sites between the Cas endonuclease sequence and a transposon element. 70. The cell, animal or blastocyst of any one of sentences 60 to 69 comprising one or more gRNAs. 71. The cell, animal or blastocyst of sentence 68, 69 or 70, wherein the gRNA(s) are flanked 5′ and 3′ by transposon elements (e.g., inverted piggyBac terminal elements) or site-specific recombination sites (e.g., loxP and/or a mutant lox, e.g., lox2272 or lox511; or frt). 72. Use of the cell, animal or blastocyst of any one of sentences 60 to 71 in a method according to any one of sentences 1 to 51.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic of precise DNA Insertion in a Predefined Location (KI). gRNA designed against a predefined location can induce DNA nick using Cas9 D10A nickase 5′ of the PAM sequence (shown as solid black box). Alternatively, gRNA can be used together with Cas9 wild-type nuclease to induce double-stranded DNA breaks 5′ of the PAM sequence. The addition of a donor oligo or a donor DNA fragment (single or double stranded) with homology around the breakpoint region containing any form of DNA alterations including addition of endogenous or exogenous DNA can be precisely inserted at the breakpoint junction where the DNA is repaired through HDR.

FIG. 2 depicts a schematic of precise DNA Deletion (KO). gRNAs targeting flanking region of interest can induce two DNA nicks using Cas9 D10A nickase in predefine locations containing the desired PAM sequences (shown as solid black box). Alternatively, gRNAs can be used with Cas9 wild-type nuclease to induce two DSB flanking the region of interest. Addition of a donor oligo or a donor DNA fragment (single or double stranded) with homology to region 5′ of PAM 1 and 3′ of PAM 2 sequence will guide DNA repair in a precise manner via HDR. DNA repair via HDR will reduce the risk of indel formation at the breakpoint junctions and avoid DNA repair through NHEJ and in doing so, it will delete out the region flanked by the PAM sequence and carry out DNA repair in a pre-determined and pre-defined manner.

FIG. 3 depicts precise DNA Deletion and Insertion (KO→KI). gRNAs targeting flanking region of interest can induce two DNA nicks using Cas9 D10A nickase in predefine locations containing the desired PAM sequences (shown as solid black box). Alternatively, gRNAs can be used with Cas9 wild-type nuclease to induce two DSB flanking the region of interest. Addition of a donor oligo or a donor DNA fragment (single or double stranded) with homology to region 5′ of PAM 1 and 3′ to PAM 2 with inclusion of additional endogenous or exogenous DNA, will guide DNA repair in a precise manner via HDR with the concomitant deletion of the region flanked by DSB or nick and the insertion of DNA of interest.

FIG. 4 depicts a sechematic of recycling PAM For Sequential Genome Editing (Deletions). gRNAs targeting flanking region of interest can induce two DNA nicks using Cas9 D10A nickase in predefine locations containing the desired PAM sequences (shown as solid black box). Alternatively, gRNAs can be used with Cas9 wild-type nuclease to induce two DSB flanking the region of interest. Addition of a donor oligo or a donor DNA fragment (single or double stranded) with homology to region 5′ of PAM 2 and 3′ of PAM 3 will guide DNA repair in a precise manner via HDR and in doing so, it will delete out the region between PAM 2 and PAM 3. This deletion will retain PAM 3 and thus acts as a site for carrying out another round of CRISPR/Cas mediated genome editing. Another PAM site (e.g., PAM 1) can be used in conjunction with PAM 3 sequence to carry out another round of deletion as described above. Using this PAM recycling approach, many rounds of deletions can be performed in a stepwise deletion fashion, where PAM 3 is recycled after each round. This approach can be used also for the stepwise addition of endogenous or exogenous DNA.

FIG. 5 depicts CRISPR/Cas mediated Lox Insertion to facilitate RMCE. gRNAs targeting flanking region of interest can induce two DNA nicks using Cas9 D10A nickase in predefine locations containing the desired PAM sequences (shown as solid black box). Alternatively, gRNAs can be used with Cas9 wild-type nuclease to induce two DSB flanking the region of interest. Addition of two donor oligos or donor DNA fragments (single or double stranded) with homology to regions 5′ and 3′ of each PAM sequence where the donor DNA contains recombinase recognition sequence (RRS) such as loxP and lox5171 will guide DNA repair in a precise manner via HDR with the inclusion of these RRS. The introduced RRS can be used as a landing pad for inserting any DNA of interest with high efficiency and precisely using recombinase mediated cassette exchange (RMCE). The retained PAM 2 site can be recycled for another round of CRISPR/Cas mediated genome editing for deleting or inserting DNA of interest. Note, the inserted DNA of interest could contain selection marker such as PGK-Puro flanked by PiggyBac LTR to allow for the initial selection and upon successful integration into DNA of interest, the selection marker can be removed conveniently by expressing hyperPbase transposase.

FIG. 6 depicts a schematic of genome modification to produce transposon-excisable Cas9 and gRNA.

FIG. 7 depicts a schematic of genome modification to produce transposon-excisable Cas9 and gRNA

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The inventors addressed the need for improved nucleic acid modification techniques. An example of a technique for nucleic acid modification is the application of the CRISPR/Cas system. This system has been shown thus far to be the most advanced genome editing system available due, inter alia, to its broad application, the relative speed at which genomes can be edited to create mutations and its ease of use. The inventors, however, believed that this technology can be advanced for even broader applications than are apparent from the state of the art.

The inventors realised that an important aspect to achieve this would be to find a way of improving the fidelity of nucleic acid modifications beyond that contemplated by the CRISPR/Cas methods known in the art.

Additionally, the inventors realised that only modest nucleic acid modifications had been reported to date. It would be desirable to effect relatively large predefined and precise DNA deletions or insertions using the CRISPR/Cas system.

The inventors have devised an approach for introducing one or more desired insertions and/or deletions of known sizes into one or more predefined locations in a nucleic acid (eg, in a cell or organism genome). They developed techniques to do this either in a sequential fashion or by inserting a discrete DNA fragment of defined size into the genome precisely in a predefined location or carrying out a discrete deletion of a defined size at a precise location. The technique is based on the observation that DNA single-stranded breaks are preferentially repaired through the HDR pathway, and this reduces the chances of indels (eg, produced by NHEJ) in the present invention and thus is more efficient than prior art techniques.

To this end, the invention provides:—

A method of nucleic acid recombination, the method comprising providing double stranded DNA (dsDNA) comprising first and second strands and

(a) using nucleic acid cleavage to create 5′ and 3′ cut ends in the first strand; and (b) using homologous recombination to insert a nucleotide sequence between the ends, thereby producing a modified first strand; thereby producing DNA wherein the first strand has been modified by said recombination but the second strand has not been modified.

Optionally the method further comprises replicating the modified first strand to produce a progeny dsDNA wherein each strand thereof comprises a copy of the insert nucleotide sequence. Optionally the method comprises (c) isolating the progeny dsDNA, eg, by obtaining a cell containing said progeny dsDNA. Replication can be effected, for example in a cell. For example, steps (a) and (b) are carried out in a cell and the cell is replicated, wherein the machinery of the cell replicates the modified first strand, eg, to produce a dsDNA progeny in which each strand comprises the modification.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the modified DNA strand resulting from step (b) is isolated.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the method is carried out in vitro. For example, the method is carried out in a cell or cell population in vitro.

Alternatively, optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the method is carried out to modify the genome of a virus.

Alternatively, optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the method is carried out in vivo in an organism. In an example, the organism is a non-human organism. In an example it is a plant or an animal or an insect or a bacterium or a yeast. For example, the method is practised on a vertebrate (eg, a human patient or a non-human vertebrate (e.g., a bird, e.g., a chicken) or non-human mammal such as a mouse, a rat or a rabbit). Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the method is a method of cosmetic treatment of a human or a non-therapeutic, non-surgical, non-diagnostic method, e.g, practised on a human or a non-human vertebrate or mammal (e.g., a mouse or a rat).

The invention also provides:

A method of nucleic acid recombination, the method comprising

(a) using nucleic acid cleavage to create 5′ and 3′ cut ends in a single nucleic acid strand; (b) using homologous recombination to insert a nucleotide sequence between the ends, wherein the insert sequence comprises a regulatory element or encodes all or part of a protein; and (c) Optionally obtaining the nucleic acid strand modified in step (b) or a progeny nucleic strand comprising the inserted nucleotide sequence, eg, by obtaining a cell containing said progeny nucleic acid strand.

In an example the progeny strand is a product of the replication of the strand produced by step (b). The progeny strand is, for example, produced by nucleic acid replication in a cell. For example, steps (a) and (b) are carried out in a cell and the cell is replicated, wherein the machinery of the cell replicates the modified strand produced in step (b), e.g, to produce a dsDNA progeny in which each strand comprises the modification.

In an example, the single nucleic acid strand is a DNA or RNA strand.

In an example, the regulatory element is a promoter or enhancer.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the inserted nucleotide sequence is a plant, animal, vertebrate or mammalian sequence, e.g., a human sequence. For example, the sequence encodes a complete protein, polypeptide, peptide, domain or a plurality of any one of these. In an example, the inserted sequence confers a resistance property to a cell comprising the modified nucleic acid produced by the method of the invention (e.g., herbicide, viral or bacterial resistance). In an example, the inserted sequence encodes an interleukin, receptor (e.g., a cell surface receptor), growth factor, hormone, antibody (or variable domain or binding site thereof), antagonist, agonist; eg, a human version of any of these. In an example, the inserted sequence is an exon.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the inserted nucleotide sequence replaces an orthologous or homologous sequence of the strand (e.g, the insert is a human sequence that replaces a plant, human or mouse sequence). For example, the method is carried out in a mouse or mouse cell and the insert replaces an orthologous or homologous mouse sequence (e.g., a mouse biological target protein implicated in disease). For example, the method is carried out (e.g., in vitro) in a human cell and the insert replaces an orthologous or homologous human sequence (e.g., a human biological target protein implicated in disease, e.g., a mutated form of a sequence is replaced with a different (e.g., wild-type) human sequence, which may be useful for correcting a gene defect in the cell. In this embodiment, the cell may be a human ES or iPS or totipotent or pluripotent stem cell and may be subsequently introduced into a human patient in a method of gene therapy to treat and/or prevent a medical disease or condition in the patient).

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the inserted nucleotide sequence is at least 10 nucleotides long, eg, at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 or 900 nucleotides, or at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 kb long.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the insert sequence comprises a site specific recombination site, eg, a lox, frt or rox site. For example, the site can be a loxP, lox511 or lox2272 site.

The invention also provides:—

A method of nucleic acid recombination, the method comprising

(a) using nucleic acid cleavage to create first and second breaks in a nucleic acid strand, thereby creating 5′ and 3′ cut ends and a nucleotide sequence between the ends; (b) using homologous recombination to delete the nucleotide sequence; and (c) optionally obtaining the nucleic acid strand modified in step (b) or a progeny nucleic strand comprising the deletion.

In an example the progeny strand is a product of the replication of the strand produced by step (b). The progeny strand is, for example, produced by nucleic acid replication in a cell. For example, steps (a) and (b) are carried out in a cell and the cell is replicated, wherein the machinery of the cell replicates the modified strand produced in step (b), eg, to produce a dsDNA progeny in which each strand comprises the modification.

In an example, the single nucleic acid strand is a DNA or RNA strand.

In an example, the deleted sequence comprises a regulatory element or encodes all or part of a protein. In an embodiment, the deleted regulatory element is a promoter or enhancer.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the deleted nucleotide sequence is a plant, animal, vertebrate or mammalian sequence, e.g., a human sequence. For example, the sequence encodes a complete protein, polypeptide, peptide, domain or a plurality of any one of these. In an example, the deleted sequence encodes an interleukin, receptor (e.g., a cell surface receptor), growth factor, hormone, antibody (or variable domain or binding site thereof), antagonist, agonist; e.g., a non-human version of any of these. In an example, the deleted sequence is an exon.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the deleted nucleotide sequence is replaced by an orthologous or homologous sequence of a different species or strain (e.g., a human sequence replaces an orthologous or homologous plant, human or mouse sequence). For example, the method is carried out in a mouse or mouse cell and the insert replaces an orthologous or homologous mouse sequence (e.g., a mouse biological target protein implicated in disease). For example, the method is carried out (e.g., in vitro) in a human cell and the insert replaces an orthologous or homologous human sequence (e.g., a human biological target protein implicated in disease, e.g., a mutated form of a sequence is replaced with a different (e.g., wild-type) human sequence, which may be useful for correcting a gene defect in the cell. In this embodiment, the cell may be a human ES or iPS or totipotent or pluripotent stem cell and may be subsequently introduced into a human patient in a method of gene therapy to treat and/or prevent a medical disease or condition in the patient).

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the deleted nucleotide sequence is at least 10 nucleotides long, eg, at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 or 900 nucleotides, or at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 kb long.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, step (c) is performed by isolating a cell comprising the modified first strand, or by obtaining a non-human vertebrate in which the method has been performed or a progeny thereof.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the product of the method comprises a nucleic acid strand comprising a PAM motif 3′ of the insertion or deletion. In an example, the PAM motif is within 10, 9, 8, 7 6, 5, 4 or 3 nucleotides of the insertion or deletion. This is useful to enable serial insertions and/or deletions according to the method as explained further below.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, the product of the method comprises a nucleic acid strand comprising a PAM motif 5′ of the insertion or deletion. In an example, the PAM motif is within 10, 9, 8, 7 6, 5, 4 or 3 nucleotides of the insertion or deletion. This is useful to enable serial insertions and/or deletions according to the method as explained further below.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, step (b) is performed by carrying out homologous recombination between an incoming nucleic acid comprising first and second homology arms, wherein the homology arms are substantially homologous respectively to a sequence extending 5′ from the 5′ end and a sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end. The skilled person will be familiar with constructing vectors and DNA molecules for use in homologous recombination, including considerations such as homology arm size and sequence and the inclusion of selection markers between the arms. For example, the incoming nucleic acid comprises first and second homology arms, and the insert sequence and an optional selection marker sequence (e.g., neo nucleotide sequence). The arms may be at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 100 or 150 nucleotides in length, for example. Where deletion is required, the insert is omitted (although an optional selection marker sequence may or may not be included between the arms).

Thus, in an embodiment of the invention, step (b) is performed by carrying out homologous recombination between an incoming nucleic acid comprising an insert nucleotide sequence flanked by the first and second homology arms, wherein the insert nucleotide sequence is inserted between the 5′ and 3′ ends.

In another embodiment of the invention, the insert is between the homology arms and there is no further sequence between the arms.

In an example, each homology arm is at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 100 or 150 nucleotides long.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, step (a) is carried out using an endonuclease, eg, a nickase. Nickases cut in a single strand of dsDNA only. For example, the endonuclease is an endonuclease of a CRISPR/Cas system, eg, a Cas9 or Cys4 endnonuclease (e.g., a Cas9 or Cys4 nickase). In an example, the endounuclease recognises a PAM listed in Table 1 below, for example, the endonuclease is a Cas endonuclease that recognises a PAM selected from CCN, TCN, TTC, AWG, CC, NNAGNN, NGGNG GG, NGG, WGG, CWT, CTT and GAA. In an example, the Cas endonuclease is a S pyogenes endonuclease, e.g., a S pyogenes Cas9 endonuclease. In an example, a S. pyogenes PAM sequence or Streptococcus thermophilus LMD-9 PAM sequence is used.

In an example, the endonuclease is a Group 1 Cas endonuclease. In an example, the endonuclease is a Group 2 Cas endonuclease. In an example, the endonuclease is a Group 3 Cas endonuclease. In an example, the endonuclease is a Group 4 Cas endonuclease. In an example, the endonuclease is a Group 7 Cas endonuclease. In an example, the endonuclease is a Group 10 Cas endonuclease.

In an example, the endonuclease recognises a CRISPR/Cas Group 1 PAM. In an example, the endonuclease recognises a CRISPR/Cas Group 2 PAM. In an example, the endonuclease recognises a CRISPR/Cas Group 3 PAM. In an example, the endonuclease recognises a CRISPR/Cas Group 4 PAM. In an example, the endonuclease recognises a CRISPR/Cas Group 7 PAM. In an example, the endonuclease recognises a CRISPR/Cas Group 10 PAM.

In an example, Cas endonuclease-mediated cleavage is used in step (a); optionally by recognition of a GG or NGG PAM motif.

In an example, the first and/or second homology arm comprises a PAM motif. This is useful to enable serial insertions and/or deletions according to the method as explained further below.

An example of a suitable nickase is S pyogenes Cas9 D10A nickase (see Cong et al and the Examples section below).

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, steps (a) and (b) of the method is carried out in a cell, eg a bacterial, yeast, eukaryotic cell, plant, animal, mammal, vertebrate, non-human animal, rodent, rat, mouse, rabbit, fish, bird or chicken cell. For example, the cell is an E. coli cell or CHO or HEK293 or Picchia or Saccharomyces cell. In an example, the cell is a human cell in vitro. In one embodiment, the cell is an embryonic stem cell (ES cell, e.g., a human or non-human ES cell) or an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS cell; e.g., a human, rodent, rat or mouse iPS cell) or a pluripotent or totipotent cell. Optionally the cell is not an embryonic cell, e.g., wherein the cell is not a human embryonic cell. Optionally the cell is not a pluripotent or totipotent cell. In an example, the method is used to produce a human stem cell for human therapy (e.g., an iPS cell generated from a cell of a patient for reintroduction into the patient after the method of the invention has been performed on the cell), wherein the stem cell comprises a nucleotide sequence or gene sequence inserted by the method of the invention. The features of the examples in this paragraph can be combined.

In an example, the method is carried out in a mammalian cell. For example, the cell is a human cell in vitro or a non-human mammalian cell. For example, a non-human (e.g., rodent, rat or mouse) zygote. For example, a single-cell non-human zygote.

In an example, the method is carried out in a plant or non-human mammal, e.g. a rodent, mouse or rat or rabbit, or a tissue or organ thereof (eg, in vitro).

In an example, the 3′ or each cleavage site is flanked 3′ by PAM motif (eg, a motif disclosed herein, such as NGG or NGGNG sequence, wherein N is any base and G is a guanine). For example, one or more or all cleavage sites are flanked 3′ by the sequence 5′-TGGTG-3′. Unlike dsDNA, the PAM is not absolutely required for ssDNA binding and cleavage: A single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide containing a protospacer with or without a PAM sequence is bound nearly as well as dsDNA and may be used in the invention wherein a single strand of DNA is modified. Moreover, in the presence of Mg²⁺ ions, Cas9 cuts ssDNA bound to the crRNA using its HNH active site independently of PAM.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, step (a) is carried out by cleavage in one single strand of dsDNA or in ssDNA.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, step (a) is carried out by combining in a cell the nucleic acid strand, a Cas endonuclease, a crRNA and a tracrRNA (e.g., provided by one or more gRNAs) for targeting the endonuclease to carry out the cleavage, and optionally an insert sequence for homologous recombination with the nucleic acid strand. Instead of an insert sequence, one can use an incoming sequence containing homology arms but no insert sequence, to effect deletion as described above. In an example, the Cas endonuclease is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that has been introduced into the cell. In an example, the gRNA is encoded by a DNA sequence that has been introduced into the cell.

In an example, the method is carried out in the presence of Mg²⁺.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, step (b) is performed by carrying out homologous recombination with an incoming nucleic acid comprising first and second homology arms, wherein the homology arms are substantially homologous respectively to a sequence extending 5′ from the 5′ end and a sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end, wherein the second homology arm comprises a PAM sequence such that homologous recombination between the second homology arm and the sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end produces a sequence comprising a PAM motif in the product of the method. The PAM can be any PAM sequence disclosed herein, for example. Thus, the method produces a modified nucleic acid strand comprising a PAM that can be used for a subsequent nucleic acid modification according to any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, wherein a Cas endonuclease is used to cut the nucleic acid. This is useful, for example, for performing sequential endonuclease-mediated homology directed recombination (sEHDR) according to the invention, more particularly sCHDR described below.

Sequential Endonuclease-Mediated Homology Directed Recombination (sEHDR)

The invention further provides:—

A method of sequential endonuclease-mediated homology directed recombination (sEHDR) comprising carrying out the method of any preceding configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention a first time and a second time, wherein endonuclease-mediated cleavage is used in each step (a); wherein the product of the first time is used for endonuclease-mediated cleavage the second time, whereby either (i) first and second nucleotide sequences are deleted the first time and the second times respectively; (ii) a first nucleotide sequence is deleted the first time and a second nucleotide sequence is inserted the second time; (iii) a first nucleotide sequence is inserted the first time and a second nucleotide sequence is deleted the second time; or (iv) first and second nucleotide sequences are inserted the first and second times respectively; optionally wherein the nucleic acid strand modification the second time is within 20, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 or less nucleotides of the nucleic acid strand modification the first time or directly adjacent to the nucleic acid strand modification the first time.

For example, the first and second nucleotide sequences are inserted so that they are contiguous after the insertion the second time. Alternatively, the first and second deletions are such that a contiguous sequence has been deleted after the first and second deletions have been performed.

In an embodiment of sEHDR, the invention uses a Cas endonuclease. Thus, there is provided:

A method of sequential Cas-mediated homology directed recombination (sCHDR) comprising carrying out the method of any preceding claim a first time and a second time, wherein Cas endonuclease-mediated cleavage is used in each step (a); wherein step (b) of the first time is carried out performing homologous recombination with an incoming nucleic acid comprising first and second homology arms, wherein the homology arms are substantially homologous respectively to a sequence extending 5′ from the 5′ end and a sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end, wherein the second homology arm comprises a PAM sequence such that homologous recombination between the second homology arm and the sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end produces a sequence comprising a PAM motif in the product of the method; wherein the PAM motif of the product of the first time is used for Cas endonuclease-mediated cleavage the second time, whereby either (i) first and second nucleotide sequences are deleted the first time and the second times respectively; (ii) a first nucleotide sequence is deleted the first time and a second nucleotide sequence is inserted the second time; (iii) a first nucleotide sequence is inserted the first time and a second nucleotide sequence is deleted the second time; or (iv) first and second nucleotide sequences are inserted the first and second times respectively; optionally wherein the nucleic acid strand modification the second time is within 20, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 or less nucleotides of the nucleic acid strand modification the first time or directly adjacent to the nucleic acid strand modification the first time.

For example, the first and second nucleotide sequences are inserted so that they are contiguous after the insertion the second time. Alternatively, the first and second deletions are such that a contiguous sequence has been deleted after the first and second deletions have been performed.

In an embodiment (First Embodiment), the first time is carried out according to the third configuration of the invention, wherein the incoming nucleic acid comprises no sequence between the first and second homology arms, wherein sequence between the 5′ and 3′ ends is deleted by homologous recombination; and/or the second time is carried out according to the third configuration of the invention, wherein step (b) is performed by carrying out homologous recombination between an incoming nucleic acid comprising first and second homology arms, wherein the homology arms are substantially homologous respectively to a sequence extending 5′ from the 5′ end and a sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end, wherein the incoming nucleic acid comprises no sequence between the first and second homology arms such that sequence between the 5′ and 3′ ends is deleted by homologous recombination; optionally wherein the second arm comprises a PAM motif such that the product of the second time comprises a PAM motif for use in a subsequent Cas endonuclease-mediated method according to any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention.

In an embodiment (Second Embodiment), the first time is carried out according to the first or second configuration of the invention, wherein the incoming nucleic acid comprises the insert sequence between the first and second homology arms, wherein the insert sequence is inserted between the 5′ and 3′ ends by homologous recombination; and/or the second time is carried out according to the first or second configuration of the invention, wherein step (b) is performed by carrying out homologous recombination between an incoming nucleic acid comprising first and second homology arms, wherein the homology arms are substantially homologous respectively to a sequence extending 5′ from the 5′ end and a sequence extending 3′ from the 3′ end, wherein the insert sequence is inserted between the 5′ and 3′ ends by homologous recombination; optionally wherein the second arm comprises a PAM motif such that the product of the second time comprises a PAM motif for use in a subsequent Cas endonuclease-mediated method according to any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention.

In an example, one of said first and second times is carried out as specified in the First Embodiment and the other time is carried out as specified in the Second Embodiment, wherein at least one sequence deletion and at least one sequence insertion is performed.

Optionally, in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, step (a) is carried out by Cas endonuclease-mediated cleavage using a Cas endonuclease, one or more crRNAs and a tracrRNA. For example, the method is carried out in a cell and the crRNA and tracrRNA is introduced into the cell as RNA molecules. For example, the method is carried out in a zygote (e.g., a non-human zygote, e.g., a rodent, rat or mouse zygote) and the crRNA and tracrRNA is injected into zygote. In another embodiment, the crRNA and tracrRNA are encoded by DNA within a cell or organism and are transcribed inside the cell (e.g., an ES cell, e.g., a non-human ES cell, e.g., a rodent, rat or mouse ES cell) or organism to produce the crRNA and tracrRNA. The organism is, for example, a non-human animal or plant or bacterium or yeast or insect. In an embodiment, the tracrRNA is in this way encoded by DNA but one or more crRNAs are introduced as RNA nucleic acid into the cell or organism to effect the method of the invention.

Additionally or alternatively to these examples, the endonuclease may be introduced as a protein or a vector encoding the endonuclease may be introduced into the cell or organism to effect the method of the invention. In another example, the endonuclease is encoded by DNA that is genomically integrated into the cell or organism and is transcribed and translated inside the cell or organism.

In an example, the method of the invention is carried out in an ES cell (e.g., a non-human ES cell, e.g., a rodent, rat or mouse ES cell) that has been pre-engineered to comprise an expressible genomically-integrated Cas endonuclease sequence (or a vector carrying this has been include in the cell). It would be possible to introduce (or encode) a tracrRNA. By introducing a crRNA with a guiding oligo sequence to target the desired area of the cell genome, one can then carry out modifications in the cell genome as per the invention. In an example, a gRNA as described herein is introduced into the ES cell. The genomically-integrated expressible Cas endonuclease sequence can, for example, be constitutively expressed or inducibly expressible. Alternatively or additionally, the sequence may be expressible in a tissue-specific manner in a progeny organism (e.g., a rodent) developed using the ES cell.

The initial ES cell comprising a genomically-integrated expressible Cas endonuclease sequence can be used, via standard techniques, to produce a progeny non-human animal that contains the expressible Cas endonuclease sequence. Thus, the invention provides:

A non-human animal (e.g., a vertebrate, mammal, fish or bird), animal cell, insect, insect cell, plant or plant cell comprising a genomically-integrated expressible Cas endonuclease nucleotide sequence and optionally a tracrRNA and/or a nucleotide sequence encoding a tracrRNA. The Cas endonuclease is, for example, Cas9 or Cys4. In an example, the animal, insect or plant genome comprises a chromosomal DNA sequence flanked by site-specific recombination sites and/or transposon elements (e.g., piggyBac transposon repeat elements), wherein the sequence encodes the endonuclease and optionally one or more gRNAs. As described in the Examples below, recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) can be used to insert such a sequence. The transposon elements can be used to excise the sequence from the genome once the endonuclease has been used to perform recombination. The RMCE and/or transposon-mediated excision can be performed in a cell (e.g., an ES cell) that later is used to derive a progeny animal or plant comprising the desired genomic modification.

The invention also provides an ES cell derived or derivable from such an animal, wherein the ES cell comprises a genomically-integrated expressible Cas endonuclease nucleotide sequence. In an example, the ES cell is a rodent, e.g., a mouse or rat ES cell, or is a rabbit, dog, pig, cat, cow, non-human primate, fish, amphibian or bird ES cell.

The invention also provides a method of isolating an ES cell, the method comprising deriving an ES cell from an animal (e.g., a non-human animal, e.g., a rodent, e.g., a rat or a mouse), wherein the animal comprises a genomically-integrated expressible Cas endonuclease nucleotide sequence, as described herein.

In any of these aspects, instead of an ES cell, the cell may be an iPS cell or a totipotent or pluripotent cell. Thus, an iPS or stem cell can be derived from (e.g., a somatic cell of) a human, engineered in vitro to comprise a genomically-integrated expressible Cas endonuclease nucleotide sequence and optionally one or more DNA sequences encoding a tracrRNA or gRNA. The invention, thus, also relates to such a method and to a human iPS or stem cell comprising a genomically-integrated expressible Cas endonuclease nucleotide sequence and optionally one or more DNA sequences encoding a tracrRNA or gRNA. This cell can be used in a method of the invention to carry out genome modification (e.g., to correct a genetic defect, e.g., by replacement of defective sequence with a desired sequence, optionally with subsequent transposon-mediated excision of the endonuclease-encoding sequence). After optional excision of the Cas endonuclease sequence, the iPS cell or stem cell can be introduced into the donor human (or a different human, e.g., a genetic relative thereof) to carry out genetic therapy or prophylaxis. In the alternative, a totipotent or pluripotent human cell is used and then subsequently developed into human tissue or an organ or part thereof. This is useful for providing material for human therapy or prophylaxis or for producing assay materials (eg, for implantation into model non-human animals) or for use in in vitro testing (e.g., of drugs).

In an example the method uses a single guided RNA (gRNA) comprising a crRNA and a tracrRNA. The crRNA comprises an oligonucleotide sequence (“X” in the structure 5′-X-Y-3′ mentioned below) that is chosen to target a desired part of the nucleic acid or genome to be modified. The skilled person will be able readily to select appropriate oligo sequence. In an example, the sequence is from 3 to 100 nucleotides long, eg, from 3 to 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15 or 10 nucleotides long, eg, from or 5, 10, 15 or 20 to 100 nuclueotides long, eg, from 5, 10, 15 or 20 to 50 nucleotides long.

For example, the gRNA is a single nucleic acid comprising both the crRNA and the tracrRNA. An example of a gRNA comprises the sequence 5′-[oligo]-[UUUUAGAGCUA] (SEQ ID NO: 1)-[LINKER]-[UAGCAAGUUAAAA] (SEQ ID NO: 2)-3′, wherein the LINKER comprises a plurality (e.g., 4 or more, e.g., 4, 5 or 6) nucleotides (e.g., 5′-GAAA-3′).

For example, the crRNA has the structure 5′-X-Y-3′, wherein X is an RNA nucleotide sequence (optionally at least 5 nucleotides long) and Y is a crRNA sequence comprising a nucleotide motif that hybridises with a motif comprised by the tracrRNA, wherein X is capable of hybridising with a nucleotide sequence 5′ of the desired site of the 5′ cut end, e.g., extending 5′ from the desired site of the 5′ cut.

In an example, Y is 5′-N1UUUUAN2N3GCUA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3), wherein each of N1-3 is a A, U, C or G and/or the tracrRNA comprises the sequence (in 5′ to 3′ orientation) UAGCM1UUAAAAM2 (SEQ ID NO: 4, when M1 is, e.g., 5 nucleotides), wherein M1 is spacer nucleotide sequence and M2 is a nucleotide; e.g., N1-G, N2=G and N3=A. The spacer sequence is, e.g., 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 RNA nucleotides in length (e.g., AAG in 5′ to 3′ orientation). M2 is, for example, a A, U, C or G (e.g., M2 is a G). In an embodiment, a chimaeric gRNA is used which comprises a sequence 5′-X-Y-Z-3′, wherein X and Y are as defined above and Z is a tracrRNA comprising the sequence (in 5′ to 3′ orientation) UAGCM1UUAAAAM2 (SEQ ID NO: 4), wherein M1 is spacer nucleotide sequence and M2 is a nucleotide. In an example, Z comprises the sequence 5′-UAGCAAGUUAAAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2), e.g., Z is 5′-UAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5). In an example, the gRNA has the sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 5) 5′-GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUC AACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-3′.

When it is desired to use the present invention to insert an exogenous sequence into the nucleic acid to be modified, the exogenous sequence can be provided on linear or circular nucleic acid (e.g., DNA). Typically, the exogenous sequence is flanked by homology arms that can undergo homologous recombination with sequences 5′ and 3′ respectively of the site where the exogenous sequence is to be inserted. The skilled person is familiar with choosing homology arms for homologous recombination.

The invention can be used in a method of producing a transgenic organism, e.g., any organism recited herein. For example, the organism can be a non-human organism used as an assay model to test a pharmaceutical drug or to express an exogenous protein or a part thereof (e.g., a human protein target knocked-in into a non-human animal assay organism). In another example, the invention has been used to knock-out an endogenous sequence (e.g., a target protein) in an organism, such as a non-human organism. This can be useful to assess the effect (phenotype) of the knock-out and thus to assess potential drug targets or proteins implicated in disease. In one example, the organism is a non-human animal (e.g., a vertebrate, mammal, bird, fish, rodent, mouse, rat or rabbit) in which a human target protein has been knocked-in using the invention. Optionally, the invention has been used to knock out an orthologous or homologous endogenous target of the organism (eg, an endogenous target sequence has been replaced at the endogenous position by an orthologous or homologous human target sequence). In this way, an assay model can be produced for testing pharmaceutical drugs that act via the human target.

In an embodiment, the organism is a non-human vertebrate that expresses human antibody variable regions whose genome comprises a replacement of an endogenous target with an orthologous or homologous human sequence. In an example, the method of the invention is used to produce an Antibody-Generating Vertebrate or Assay Vertebrate as disclosed in WO2013061078, the disclosure of which, and specifically including the disclosure of such Vertebrates, their composition, manufacture and use, is included specifically herein by reference as though herein reproduced in its entirety and for providing basis for claims herein.

In an example, an exogenous regulatory element is knocked-in using the method. For example, it is knocked-in to replace an endogenous regulatory element.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of producing a cell or a transgenic non-human organism (e.g., any non-human organism recited herein), the method comprising

(a) carrying out the method of any in any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention to (i) knock out a target nucleotide sequence in the genome of a first cell and/or (ii) knock in an insert nucleotide sequence into the genome of a first cell, optionally wherein the insert sequence replaces a target sequence in whole or in part at the endogenous location of the target sequence in the genome; wherein the cell or a progeny thereof can develop into a non-human organism or cell; and (b) developing the cell or progeny into a non-human organism or a non-human cell.

In an example, the organism or cell is homozygous for the modification (i) and/or (ii).

In an example, the cell is an ES cell, iPS cell, totipotent cell or pluripotent cell. In an example, the cell is a non-human vertebrate cell or a human cell in vitro. In an example, the cell is a plant, yeast, insect or bacterial cell.

In an example, the cell or organism is a rodent (e.g., a mouse or rat) cell or a rabbit, bird, fish, chicken, non-human primate, monkey, pig, dog, Camelid, shark, sheep, cow or cat cell.

In an example, the target sequence is an endogenous sequence comprising all or part of a regulatory element or encoding all or part of a protein. In an example, the insert sequence is a synthetic sequence; or comprises a sequence encoding all or part of a protein from a species other than the species from which the first cell is derived; or comprises a regulatory element from said first species. This is useful to combine genes with new regulatory elements.

In an example, the insert sequence encodes all or part of a human protein or a human protein subunit or domain. For example, the insert sequence encodes a cell membrane protein, secreted protein, intracellular protein, cytokine, receptor protein (e.g., Fc receptor protein, such as FcRn or a FcY receptor protein), protein of the human immune system or domain thereof (e.g., an Ig protein or domain, such as an antibody or TCR protein or domain, or a MHC protein), a hormone or growth factor.

The invention also provides:

A cell (e.g., an isolated or purified cell, eg, a cell in vitro, or any cell disclosed herein) or a non-human organism (e.g., any organism disclosed herein) whose genome comprises a modification comprising a non-endogenous nucleotide sequence flanked by endogenous nucleotide sequences, wherein the cell or organism is obtainable by the method of any configuration, aspect, example or embodiment of the invention, and wherein the non-endogenous sequence is flanked 3′ and/or 5′ by (e.g., within 20, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 or less nucleotides of, or directly adjacent to) a Cas PAM motif; wherein the cell is not comprised by a human; and one, more or all of (a) to (d) applies

(a) the genome is homozygous for the modification; or comprises the modification at one allele and is unmodified by Cas-mediated homologous recombination at the other allele; (b) the non-endogenous sequence comprises all or part of a regulatory element or encodes all or part of a protein; (c) the non-endogenous sequence is at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 or 900 nucleotides, or at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 kb long; (d) the non-endogenous sequence replaces an orthologous or homologous sequence in the genome.

The cell can be a human cell, or included in human tissue but not part of a human being. For example, the cell is a human cell in vitro.

In an example, the non-endogenous sequence is a human sequence.

In an example, the PAM motif is any PAM disclosed herein or comprises a sequence selected from CCN, TCN, TTC, AWG, CC, NNAGNN, NGGNG GG, NGG, WGG, CWT, CTT and GAA. For example, the motif is a Cas9 PAM motif. For example, the PAM is NGG. In another example, the PAM is GG.

In an example, there is a PAM motif no more than 10 nucleotides (e.g., 3 nucleotides) 3′ and/or 5′ of the non-endogenous sequence.

In an example, the PAM motif is recognised by a Streptococcus Cas9.

In an example, the cell or organism is a non-human vertebrate cell or a non-human vertebrate that expresses one or more human antibody heavy chain variable domains (and optionally no heavy chain variable domains of a non-human vertebrate species). For example, the organism is an Antibody-Generating Vertebrate or Assay Vertebrate disclosed in WO2013061078.

In an example, the cell or organism is a non-human vertebrate cell or a non-human vertebrate that expresses one or more human antibody kappa light chain variable domains (and optionally no kappa light chain variable domains of a non-human vertebrate species).

In an example, the cell or organism is a non-human vertebrate cell or a non-human vertebrate that expresses one or more human antibody lambda light chain variable domains (and optionally no kappa light chain variable domains of a non-human vertebrate species).

In an example, the non-endogenous sequence encodes a human Fc receptor protein or subunit or domain thereof (e.g., a human FcRn or FcY receptor protein, subunit or domain).

In an example, the non-endogenous sequence comprises one or more human antibody gene segments, an antibody variable region or an antibody constant region.

In an example, the insert sequence is a human sequence that replaces or supplements an orthologous non-human sequence.

The invention also provides:

A monoclonal or polyclonal antibody prepared by immunisation of a vertebrate (e.g., mouse or rat) of the invention (or produced by a method of the invention) with an antigen.

The invention also provides:

A method of isolating an antibody that binds a predetermined antigen, the method comprising (a) providing a vertebrate (optionally a mouse or rat) of the invention (or produced by a method of the invention); (b) immunising said vertebrate with said antigen; (c) removing B lymphocytes from the vertebrate and selecting one or more B lymphocytes expressing antibodies that bind to the antigen; (d) optionally immortalising said selected B lymphocytes or progeny thereof, optionally by producing hybridomas therefrom; and (e) isolating an antibody (eg, and IgG-type antibody) expressed by the B lymphocytes.

In an example, the method comprises the step of isolating from said B lymphocytes nucleic acid encoding said antibody that binds said antigen; optionally exchanging the heavy chain constant region nucleotide sequence of the antibody with a nucleotide sequence encoding a human or humanised heavy chain constant region and optionally affinity maturing the variable region of said antibody; and optionally inserting said nucleic acid into an expression vector and optionally a host.

In an example, the method comprises making a mutant or derivative of the antibody produced by the method.

The invention provides the use of an isolated, monoclonal or polyclonal antibody described herein, or a mutant or derivative antibody thereof that binds said antigen, in the manufacture of a composition for use as a medicament.

The invention provides the use of an isolated, monoclonal or polyclonal antibody described herein, or a mutant or derivative antibody thereof that binds said antigen for use in medicine.

The invention provides a nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody described herein, optionally wherein the nucleotide sequence is part of a vector.

The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antibodies described herein and a diluent, excipient or carrier.

The invention provides an ES cell, a non-human animal or a non-human blastocyst comprising an expressible genomically-integrated nucleotide sequence encoding a Cas endonuclease (e.g., a Cas9 or Cys4) and optionally an expressible genomically-integrated nucleotide sequence encoding a tracrRNA or a gRNA. For example, the ES cell is any ES cell type described herein.

In an example of the cell, animal or blastocyst, the endonuclease sequence is constitutively expressible.

In an example of the cell, animal or blastocyst, the endonuclease sequence is inducibly expressible.

In an example of the cell, animal or blastocyst, the endonuclease sequence is expressible in a tissue-specific manner in the animal or a progeny thereof, or in a non-human animal that is a progeny of the cell or blastocyst.

In an example, the cell, animal or blastocyst comprises one or more gRNAs or an expressible nucleotide sequence encoding a gRNA or a plurality of expressible nucleotide sequences each encoding a different gRNA.

The invention provides the use of the cell, animal or blastocyst in a method according to any configuration, aspect, embodiment or example of the invention.

An aspect provides an antibody produced by the method of the invention, optionally for use in medicine, eg, for treating and/or preventing a medical condition or disease in a patient, e.g., a human.

An aspect provides a nucleotide sequence encoding the antibody of the invention, optionally wherein the nucleotide sequence is part of a vector. Suitable vectors will be readily apparent to the skilled person, eg, a conventional antibody expression vector comprising the nucleotide sequence together in operable linkage with one or more expression control elements.

An aspect provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of the invention and a diluent, excipient or carrier, optionally wherein the composition is contained in an IV container (e.g., and IV bag) or a container connected to an IV syringe.

An aspect provides the use of the antibody of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease or condition in a patient, e.g., a human.

In a further aspect the invention relates to humanised antibodies and antibody chains produced according to the present invention, both in chimaeric and fully humanised form, and use of said antibodies in medicine. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising such an antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or other excipient.

Antibody chains containing human sequences, such as chimaeric human—non human antibody chains, are considered humanised herein by virtue of the presence of the human protein coding regions region. Fully human antibodies may be produced starting from DNA encoding a chimaeric antibody chain of the invention using standard techniques.

Methods for the generation of both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are well known in the art, and the present invention relates to both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies of chimaeric or fully humanised antibodies produced in response to antigen challenge in non human-vertebrates of the present invention.

In a yet further aspect, chimaeric antibodies or antibody chains generated in the present invention may be manipulated, suitably at the DNA level, to generate molecules with antibody-like properties or structure, such as a human variable region from a heavy or light chain absent a constant region, for example a domain antibody; or a human variable region with any constant region from either heavy or light chain from the same or different species; or a human variable region with a non-naturally occurring constant region; or human variable region together with any other fusion partner. The invention relates to all such chimaeric antibody derivatives derived from chimaeric antibodies identified according to the present invention.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to use of animals of the present invention in the analysis of the likely effects of drugs and vaccines in the context of a quasi-human antibody repertoire.

The invention also relates to a method for identification or validation of a drug or vaccine, the method comprising delivering the vaccine or drug to a mammal of the invention and monitoring one or more of: the immune response, the safety profile; the effect on disease.

The invention also relates to a kit comprising an antibody or antibody derivative as disclosed herein and either instructions for use of such antibody or a suitable laboratory reagent, such as a buffer, antibody detection reagent.

It will be understood that particular embodiments described herein are shown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the invention. The principal features of this invention can be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine study, numerous equivalents to the specific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention and are covered by the claims. All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. The use of the word “a” or an when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” The use of the term or in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.” Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects.

As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

The term “or combinations thereof” as used herein refers to all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term. For example, “A, B, C, or combinations thereof is intended to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or more item or term, such as BB, AAA, MB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context.

Any part of this disclosure may be read in combination with any other part of the disclosure, unless otherwise apparent from the context.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

REFERENCES

-   1. Cong L, Ran F A, Cox D, Lin S, Barretto R, Habib N, Hsu P D, Wu     X, Jiang W, Marraffini L A et al: Multiplex genome engineering using     CRISPR/Cas systems. Science 2013, 339(6121):819-823. -   2. Wang H, Yang H, Shivalila C S, Dawlaty M M, Cheng A W, Zhang F,     Jaenisch R: One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in     multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. Cell 2013,     153(4):910-918. -   3. Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt K M, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo J E,     Norville J E, Church G M: RNA-guided human genome engineering via     Cas9. Science 2013, 339(6121):823-826. -   4. Gaj T, Gersbach C A, Barbas C F, 3rd: ZFN, TALEN, and     CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering. Trends Biotechnol     2013, 31(7):397-405. -   5. Perez-Pinera P, Ousterout D G, Gersbach C A: Advances in targeted     genome editing. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012, 16(3-4):268-277. -   6. Shah S A, Erdmann S, Mojica F J, Garrett R A: Protospacer     recognition motifs: Mixed identities and functional diversity. RNA     Biol 2013, 10(5). -   7. Haurwitz R E, Sternberg S H, Doudna J A: Csy4 relies on an     unusual catalytic dyad to position and cleave CRISPR RNA. EMBO J     2012, 31(12):2824-2832. -   8. Yusa K, Zhou L, Li M A, Bradley A, Craig N L: A hyperactive     piggyBac transposase for mammalian applications. Proc Nod Acad Sci     USA 2011, 108(4):1531-1536. -   9. Qiao J, Oumard A, Wegloehner W, Bode J: Novel tag-and-exchange     (RMCE) strategies generate master cell clones with predictable and     stable transgene expression properties. J Mol Biol 2009,     390(4):579-594. -   10. Oumard A, Qiao J, Jostock T, Li J, Bode J: Recommended Method     for Chromosome Exploitation: RMCE-based Cassette-exchange Systems in     Animal Cell Biotechnology. Cytotechnology 2006, 50(1-3):93-108.     The present invention is described in more detail in the following     non limiting exemplification.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Precise DNA Modifications

(a) Use of Nickase for HDR

It has been reported that the Cas9 nuclease can be converted into a nickase through the substitution of an aspartate to alanine (D10A) in the RuvCl domain of SpCas9 (Cong et al). It is noteworthy that DNA single-stranded breaks are preferentially repaired through the HDR pathway. The Cas9 D10A nickase, when in a complex with mature crRNA:tracrRNA, can specifically induce DNA nicking at a precise location. With this in mind, we propose extending the application of the CRISPR/Cas system by creating a nick in a given location in a genome using Cas9 D10A nickase and then exploiting the HDR pathway for inserting a single-stranded DNA fragment (endogenous or exogenous) which will contain DNA homology flanking the nick. Typically for recombineering 50 bp is enough for efficient recombination) flanking the nicked DNA junction to bring in and insert a given DNA in a precision location; similar size homology will be used with the present example (FIG. 1). Guide RNA (gRNA) will be design individually per target protospacer sequence or incorporated into a single CRISPR array encoding for 2 or more spacer sequences allowing multiplex genome editing from a single CRSPR array.

In a separate setting, two gRNA or a single CRISPR array encoding multiple spacer sequence can be designed flanking a gene or a region of interest and with the association of Cas9 D10A nickase, two separate single-stranded breaks can be induced. This in association with a single-stranded DNA fragment containing DNA homology to the 5′ breakpoint junction of the first DNA nick and DNA homology to the 3′ breakpoint junction of the second nick the region in between the two single stranded DNA nick can be precisely deleted (FIG. 2). In an another setting, two separate gRNA or a multiplex single CRISPR array can be designed flanking a gene or a region of interest and with the association of Cas9 D10A nickase two separate single-stranded breaks can be induced. In this case the intruding single stranded DNA fragment can contain DNA sequence from either endogenous or exogenous source containing sequence for a known gene, regulatory element promoter etc. This single-stranded DNA fragment (or double stranded DNA) can be brought together to replace the DNA region of interest flanked by DNA nick by arming it with DNA homology from the 5′ region of the first nick and 3′ region from the second nick (FIG. 3). Due to the high efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas system to cleave DNA, the above proposed strategy will not require introduction of any selection marker thus creating exact seamless genome editing in a precise and defined manner. As an option, a selection marker can be included flanked by PiggyBac LTRs to allow for the direct selection of correctly modified clones. Once the correct clones have been identified, the selection marker can be removed conveniently through the expression of hyperactive piggyBac transposase (Yusa K, Zhou L, Li M A, Bradley A, Craig N L: A hyperactive piggyBac transposase for mammalian applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011, 108(4):1531-1536). Furthermore, the above approaches can be applied to ES cells, mammalian cells, yeast cells, bacterial cells, plant cells as well as directly performing in zygotes to expedite the process of homozygeous genome engineering in record time. It would be also possible to multiplex this system to generate multiple simultaneous DNA insertions (KI), deletions (KO) and the sequential deletion and insertion (KO→KI).

Example 2 Recycling PAM for Sequential Insertions or Deletions

In certain settings it may be useful to edit a genome by chromosome walking. Using any of the three examples outlined above, it could be possible to carry out sequential genome editing in a stepwise fashion whereby the PAM sequence used in a previous round of CRISPR/Cas mediated genome editing, can be re-used to carry out multiple rounds of genome editing such as deletions, insertions or the simultaneous deletion and insertion. An example of sequential deletion whereby the PAM sequence from the previous genome editing step is recycled is shown in FIG. 4. Using the PAM recycling approach, it is possible to carry out sequential insertions as well as sequential simultaneous deletion and insertion.

Example 3 Rapid Insertion of Lox Sites Using CRISPR/Cas System

Targeting efficiency using conventional homologous recombination methods in ES cells is low. In a different setting, the CRISPR/Cas system can be used to rapidly and efficiently introduce lox sites or other recombinase recognition sequence such as Frt in a defined location to act as a landing pad for genome editing using recombinase mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) (Qiao J, Oumard A, Wegloehner W, Bode J: Novel tag-and-exchange (RMCE) strategies generate master cell clones with predictable and stable transgene expression properties. J Mol Biol 2009, 390(4):579-594; and Oumard A, Qiao J, Jostock T, Li J, Bode J: Recommended Method for Chromosome Exploitation: RMCE-based Cassette-exchange Systems in Animal Cell Biotechnology. Cytotechnology 2006, 50(1-3):93-108). Once the lox sites are introduced into the genome, inversion, deletion or cassette exchange to delete and introduce DNA fragment varying in size at this site can be efficiently conducted via expression of Cre recombinase. An example of CRISPR/Cas mediated lox insertion followed by RMCE is shown in FIG. 5. The RMCE step can be used to invert the region flanked by lox site or to delete this region as well as to simultaneously delete and insert DNA of interest in this region. Furthermore, the RMCE step can be adapted for carrying out multiple sequential rounds of RMCE (sRMCE).

Example 4

Reference is made to FIG. 6. A piggyBac transposon harbouring a PGK promoter-driven loxP/mutant lox-flanked neo^(R) gene is targeted into an ES cell genome by standard homologous recombination. The targeted clones can be selected by G418. This provides a landing pad for the following recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE). Such an ES clone can be used a parental cells for any modification further. A cassette containing the loxP/mutant lox-flanked promoterless PuroΔTK-T2A-Cas9 and U6 polymerase Ill promoter-driven guide RNA (gRNA) genes are inserted into the landing pad through transient cre expression. The gRNA genes can be one or more than one which target to the same gene or different genes. The inserted clones can be selected with puromycin and confirmed by junction PCRs. During the selection, the expression of Cas9 and gRNAs from the inserted cassette results in more efficient gene targeting or modification than transient expression of the Cas9 and gRNA can achieve. Following 4-6 day selection, the whole modified cassette is excised by the transient expression of piggyBac transposase (Pease). The final ES cell clones would not contain any Cas9 or gRNA sequence. The clones with homozygous modified genes would be confirmed by PCR and sequence.

The main feature of this invention is to control the Cas9 and gRNA expression in certain time to be sufficient to generate efficient targeting rates.

Example 5 Methodology Reconstructing CRISPR/Cas Vector System (Nuclease)

The CRISPR/Cas genome editing system has been reconstructed in vitro and exemplified in mouse embryonic stem cells using vector pX330 containing humanised S. pyogenes (hSpCsn1) (Cong et al). The CRISPR/Cas system can be reconstructed as described in Cong et of using synthetic DNA strings and DNA assembly. In the present example, the entire DNA assembly would constitute a 6006 bp fragment containing 45 bp homology to pBlueScript KS+ vector 5′ to the EcoRV cutting site, Human U6 promoter, two Bbsl restriction sites for cloning in the spacer sequence which fuses to a chimeric guided RNA sequence, chicken beta-actin promoter with 3 FLAG, nuclear localisation signal (NLS) followed by hSpCsn1 sequence and another NLS, bGH polyA, inverted terminal repeat sequence and finally another 45 bp homology to pBlueScript KS+ 3′ to the EcoRV cutting site. This 6006 bp stretch of DNA will be synthetized as 7 individual DNA fragments where each fragment will have a 45 bp overlap to the adjacent DNA fragment to allow DNA assembly. The DNA sequence of these fragments is shown below in the order of assembly.

Fragment 1A (1340 bp) (SEQ ID NO: 7) GGTACCGGGCCCCCCCTCGAGGTCGACGGTATCGATAAGCTTGATGAGGG CCTATTTCCCATGATTCCTTCATATTTGCATATACGATACAAGGCTGTTA GAGAGATAATTGGAATTAATTTGACTGTAAACACAAAGATATTAGTACAA AATACGTGACGTAGAAAGTAATAATTTCTTGGGTAGTTTGCAGTTTTAAA ATTATGTTTTAAAATGGACTATCATATGCTTACCGTAACTTGAAAGTATT TCGATTTCTTGGCTTTATATATCTTGTGGAAAGGACGAAACACCGGGTCT TCGAGAAGACCTGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAG TCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTGTTTTA GAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTTTTAGCGCGTGC GCCAATTCTGCAGACAAATGGCTCTAGAGGTACCCGTTACATAACTTACG GTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTC AATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATT TACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGT ACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTGTGC CCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTAT TAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTCGAGGTGAGCCCCACGTTCTGCTTCACT CTCCCCATCTCCCCCCCCTCCCCACCCCCAATTTTGTATTTATTTATTTT TTAATTATTTTGTGCAGCGATGGGGGCGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGCGCGCGC CAGGCGGGGCGGGGCGGGGCGAGGGGCGGGGCGGGGCGAGGCGGAGAGGT GCGGCGGCAGCCAATCAGAGCGGCGCGCTCCGAAAGTTTCCTTTTATGGC GAGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCCCTATAAAAAGCGAAGCGCGCGGCGGGCGG GAGTCGCTGCGACGCTGCCTTCGCCCCGTGCCCCGCTCCGCCGCCGCCTC GCGCCGCCCGCCCCGGCTCTGACTGACCGCGTTACTCCCACAGGTGAGCG GGCGGGACGGCCCTTCTCCTCCGGGCTGTAATTAGCTGAGCAAGAGGTAA GGGTTTAAGGGATGGTTGGTTGGTGGGGTATTAATGTTTAATTACCTGGA GCACCTGCCTGAAATCACTTTTTTTCAGGTTGGACCGGTGCCACCATGGA CTATAAGGACCACGACGGAGACTACAAGGATCATGATATT. Fragment 2 (852 bp) (SEQ ID NO: 8) ATGGACTATAAGGACCACGACGGAGACTACAAGGATCATGATATTGATTA CAAAGACGATGACGATAAGATGGCCCCAAAGAAGAAGCGGAAGGTCGGTA TCCACGGAGTCCCAGCAGCCGACAAGAAGTACAGCATCGGCCTGGACATC GGCACCAACTCTGTGGGCTGGGCCGTGATCACCGACGAGTACAAGGTGCC CAGCAAGAAATTCAAGGTGCTGGGCAACACCGACCGGCACAGCATCAAGA AGAACCTGATCGGAGCCCTGCTGTTCGACAGCGGCGAAACAGCCGAGGCC ACCCGGCTGAAGAGAACCGCCAGAAGAAGATACACCAGACGGAAGAACCG GATCTGCTATCTGCAAGAGATCTTCAGCAACGAGATGGCCAAGGTGGACG ACAGCTTCTTCCACAGACTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTGGTGGAAGAGGATAAG AAGCACGAGCGGCACCCCATCTTCGGCAACATCGTGGACGAGGTGGCCTA CCACGAGAAGTACCCCACCATCTACCACCTGAGAAAGAAACTGGTGGACA GCACCGACAAGGCCGACCTGCGGCTGATCTATCTGGCCCTGGCCCACATG ATCAAGTTCCGGGGCCACTTCCTGATCGAGGGCGACCTGAACCCCGACAA CAGCGACGTGGACAAGCTGTTCATCCAGCTGGTGCAGACCTACAACCAGC TGTTCGAGGAAAACCCCATCAACGCCAGCGGCGTGGACGCCAAGGCCATC CTGTCTGCCAGACTGAGCAAGAGCAGACGGCTGGAAAATCTGATCGCCCA GCTGCCCGGCGAGAAGAAGAATGGCCTGTTCGGAAACCTGATTGCCCTGA GC. Fragment 3 (920 bp) (SEQ ID NO: 9) GGCGAGAAGAAGAATGGCCTGTTCGGAAACCTGATTGCCCTGAGCCTGGG CCTGACCCCCAACTTCAAGAGCAACTTCGACCTGGCCGAGGATGCCAAAC TGCAGCTGAGCAAGGACACCTACGACGACGACCTGGACAACCTGCTGGCC CAGATCGGCGACCAGTACGCCGACCTGTTTCTGGCCGCCAAGAACCTGTC CGACGCCATCCTGCTGAGCGACATCCTGAGAGTGAACACCGAGATCACCA AGGCCCCCCTGAGCGCCTCTATGATCAAGAGATACGACGAGCACCACCAG GACCTGACCCTGCTGAAAGCTCTCGTGCGGCAGCAGCTGCCTGAGAAGTA CAAAGAGATTTTCTTCGACCAGAGCAAGAACGGCTACGCCGGCTACATTG ACGGCGGAGCCAGCCAGGAAGAGTTCTACAAGTTCATCAAGCCCATCCTG GAAAAGATGGACGGCACCGAGGAACTGCTCGTGAAGCTGAACAGAGAGGA CCTGCTGCGGAAGCAGCGGACCTTCGACAACGGCAGCATCCCCCACCAGA TCCACCTGGGAGAGCTGCACGCCATTCTGCGGCGGCAGGAAGATTTTTAC CCATTCCTGAAGGACAACCGGGAAAAGATCGAGAAGATCCTGACCTTCCG CATCCCCTACTACGTGGGCCCTCTGGCCAGGGGAAACAGCAGATTCGCCT GGATGACCAGAAAGAGCGAGGAAACCATCACCCCCTGGAACTTCGAGGAA GTGGTGGACAAGGGCGCTTCCGCCCAGAGCTTCATCGAGCGGATGACCAA CTTCGATAAGAACCTGCCCAACGAGAAGGTGCTGCCCAAGCACAGCCTGC TGTACGAGTACTTCACCGTGTATAACGAGCTGACCAAAGTGAAATACGTG ACCGAGGGAATGAGAAAGCC. Fragment 4 (920 bp) (SEQ ID NO: 10) CGAGCTGACCAAAGTGAAATACGTGACCGAGGGAATGAGAAAGCCCGCCT TCCTGAGCGGCGAGCAGAAAAAGGCCATCGTGGACCTGCTGTTCAAGACC AACCGGAAAGTGACCGTGAAGCAGCTGAAAGAGGACTACTTCAAGAAAAT CGAGTGCTTCGACTCCGTGGAAATCTCCGGCGTGGAAGATCGGTTCAACG CCTCCCTGGGCACATACCACGATCTGCTGAAAATTATCAAGGACAAGGAC TTCCTGGACAATGAGGAAAACGAGGACATTCTGGAAGATATCGTGCTGAC CCTGACACTGTTTGAGGACAGAGAGATGATCGAGGAACGGCTGAAAACCT ATGCCCACCTGTTCGACGACAAAGTGATGAAGCAGCTGAAGCGGCGGAGA TACACCGGCTGGGGCAGGCTGAGCCGGAAGCTGATCAACGGCATCCGGGA CAAGCAGTCCGGCAAGACAATCCTGGATTTCCTGAAGTCCGACGGCTTCG CCAACAGAAACTTCATGCAGCTGATCCACGACGACAGCCTGACCTTTAAA GAGGACATCCAGAAAGCCCAGGTGTCCGGCCAGGGCGATAGCCTGCACGA GCACATTGCCAATCTGGCCGGCAGCCCCGCCATTAAGAAGGGCATCCTGC AGACAGTGAAGGTGGTGGACGAGCTCGTGAAAGTGATGGGCCGGCACAAG CCCGAGAACATCGTGATCGAAATGGCCAGAGAGAACCAGACCACCCAGAA GGGACAGAAGAACAGCCGCGAGAGAATGAAGCGGATCGAAGAGGGCATCA AAGAGCTGGGCAGCCAGATCCTGAAAGAACACCCCGTGGAAAACACCCAG CTGCAGAACGAGAAGCTGTACCTGTACTACCTGCAGAATGGGCGGGATAT GTACGTGGACCAGGAACTGG. Fragment 5 (920 bp) (SEQ ID NO: 11) ACTACCTGCAGAATGGGCGGGATATGTACGTGGACCAGGAACTGGACATC AACCGGCTGTCCGACTACGATGTGGACCATATCGTGCCTCAGAGCTTTCT GAAGGACGACTCCATCGACAACAAGGTGCTGACCAGAAGCGACAAGAACC GGGGCAAGAGCGACAACGTGCCCTCCGAAGAGGTCGTGAAGAAGATGAAG AACTACTGGCGGCAGCTGCTGAACGCCAAGCTGATTACCCAGAGAAAGTT CGACAATCTGACCAAGGCCGAGAGAGGCGGCCTGAGCGAACTGGATAAGG CCGGCTTCATCAAGAGACAGCTGGTGGAAACCCGGCAGATCACAAAGCAC GTGGCACAGATCCTGGACTCCCGGATGAACACTAAGTACGACGAGAATGA CAAGCTGATCCGGGAAGTGAAAGTGATCACCCTGAAGTCCAAGCTGGTGT CCGATTTCCGGAAGGATTTCCAGTTTTACAAAGTGCGCGAGATCAACAAC TACCACCACGCCCACGACGCCTACCTGAACGCCGTCGTGGGAACCGCCCT GATCAAAAAGTACCCTAAGCTGGAAAGCGAGTTCGTGTACGGCGACTACA AGGTGTACGACGTGCGGAAGATGATCGCCAAGAGCGAGCAGGAAATCGGC AAGGCTACCGCCAAGTACTTCTTCTACAGCAACATCATGAACTTTTTCAA GACCGAGATTACCCTGGCCAACGGCGAGATCCGGAAGCGGCCTCTGATCG AGACAAACGGCGAAACCGGGGAGATCGTGTGGGATAAGGGCCGGGATTTT GCCACCGTGCGGAAAGTGCTGAGCATGCCCCAAGTGAATATCGTGAAAAA GACCGAGGTGCAGACAGGCGGCTTCAGCAAAGAGTCTATCCTGCCCAAGA GGAACAGCGATAAGCTGATC. Fragment 6 (789 bp) (SEQ ID NO: 12) AGCAAAGAGTCTATCCTGCCCAAGAGGAACAGCGATAAGCTGATCGCCAG AAAGAAGGACTGGGACCCTAAGAAGTACGGCGGCTTCGACAGCCCCACCG TGGCCTATTCTGTGCTGGTGGTGGCCAAAGTGGAAAAGGGCAAGTCCAAG AAACTGAAGAGTGTGAAAGAGCTGCTGGGGATCACCATCATGGAAAGAAG CAGCTTCGAGAAGAATCCCATCGACTTTCTGGAAGCCAAGGGCTACAAAG AAGTGAAAAAGGACCTGATCATCAAGCTGCCTAAGTACTCCCTGTTCGAG CTGGAAAACGGCCGGAAGAGAATGCTGGCCTCTGCCGGCGAACTGCAGAA GGGAAACGAACTGGCCCTGCCCTCCAAATATGTGAACTTCCTGTACCTGG CCAGCCACTATGAGAAGCTGAAGGGCTCCCCCGAGGATAATGAGCAGAAA CAGCTGTTTGTGGAACAGCACAAGCACTACCTGGACGAGATCATCGAGCA GATCAGCGAGTTCTCCAAGAGAGTGATCCTGGCCGACGCTAATCTGGACA AAGTGCTGTCCGCCTACAACAAGCACCGGGATAAGCCCATCAGAGAGCAG GCCGAGAATATCATCCACCTGTTTACCCTGACCAATCTGGGAGCCCCTGC CGCCTTCAAGTACTTTGACACCACCATCGACCGGAAGAGGTACACCAGCA CCAAAGAGGTGCTGGACGCCACCCTGATCCACCAGAGCATCACCGGCCTG TACGAGACACGGATCGACCTGTCTCAGCTGGGAGGCGAC. Fragment 7 (535 bp) (SEQ ID NO: 13) GGCCTGTACGAGACACGGATCGACCTGTCTCAGCTGGGAGGCGACAAAAG GCCGGCGGCCACGAAAAAGGCCGGCCAGGCAAAAAAGAAAAAGTAAGAAT TCCTAGAGCTCGCTGATCAGCCTCGACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT CTGTTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTGCCTTCCTTGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCACT CCCACTGTCCTTTCCTAATAAAATGAGGAAATTGCATCGCATTGTCTGAG TAGGTGTCATTCTATTCTGGGGGGTGGGGTGGGGCAGGACAGCAAGGGGG AGGATTGGGAAGAGAATAGCAGGCATGCTGGGGAGCGGCCGCAGGAACCC CTAGTGATGGAGTTGGCCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGA GGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCT CAGTGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAGCTGCCTGCAGGGGCGCCTATCGAATTCC TGCAGCCCGGGGGATCCACTAGTTCTAGAGCGGCC.

To reconstruct the CRISPR/Cas system described in Cong er al the above DNA fragments in addition to EcoRV linearised pBlueScript KS+ vector will be assembled using Gibson Assembly kit (NEB Cat No. E5510S). As an alternative approach, the 6006 bp fragment can be assembled by assembly PCR by mixing molar ratio of the individual DNA fragments together and using the DNA mixture as PCR template. The assembled PCR product can then be cloned directly into pBlueScript vector or a standard cloning vector system such as a TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen).

Reconstructing CRISPR/Cas Vector System (D10A Nickase)

The D10A nickase version of the CRISPR/Cas system can be conveniently reconstructed by assembling the above fragments where fragment 2 is replaced with fragment 2A which contains the D10A substitution (See sequence below).

Fragment 2A (852 bp) (SEQ ID NO: 14) ATGGACTATAAGGACCACGACGGAGACTACAAGGATCATGATATTGATTA CAAAGACGATGACGATAAGATGGCCCCAAAGAAGAAGCGGAAGGTCGGTA TCCACGGAGTCCCAGCAGCCGACAAGAAGTACAGCATCGGCCTG gcc ATC GGCACCAACTCTGTGGGCTGGGCCGTGATCACCGACGAGTACAAGGTGCC CAGCAAGAAATTCAAGGTGCTGGGCAACACCGACCGGCACAGCATCAAGA AGAACCTGATCGGAGCCCTGCTGTTCGACAGCGGCGAAACAGCCGAGGCC ACCCGGCTGAAGAGAACCGCCAGAAGAAGATACACCAGACGGAAGAACCG GATCTGCTATCTGCAAGAGATCTTCAGCAACGAGATGGCCAAGGTGGACG ACAGCTTCTTCCACAGACTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTGGTGGAAGAGGATAAG AAGCACGAGCGGCACCCCATCTTCGGCAACATCGTGGACGAGGTGGCCTA CCACGAGAAGTACCCCACCATCTACCACCTGAGAAAGAAACTGGTGGACA GCACCGACAAGGCCGACCTGCGGCTGATCTATCTGGCCCTGGCCCACATG ATCAAGTTCCGGGGCCACTTCCTGATCGAGGGCGACCTGAACCCCGACAA CAGCGACGTGGACAAGCTGTTCATCCAGCTGGTGCAGACCTACAACCAGC TGTTCGAGGAAAACCCCATCAACGCCAGCGGCGTGGACGCCAAGGCCATC CTGTCTGCCAGACTGAGCAAGAGCAGACGGCTGGAAAATCTGATCGCCCA GCTGCCCGGCGAGAAGAAGAATGGCCTGTTCGGAAACCTGATTGCCCTGA GC.

The substituted aspartate to alanine is highlighted in bold and underlined.

Target (Spacer) Sequence Cloning

The target spacer sequence can be cloned into the above CRISPR/Cas vector system via the Bbsl restriction sites located upstream of the chimeric guided RNA sequence. The spacer sequence can be ordered as oligo pairs and annealed together with overhangs as shown below to allow direct cloning into Bbsl linearised CRISPR/Cas vector using standard molecular biology protocols.

Sequence of an example oligo pair with spacer sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 15) 5′ - CACCGNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN - 3′. (SEQ ID NO: 16) 3′ - CNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNCAAA - 5′. The 4 bp overhang sequence underlined is required to be included in the spacer oligos to facilitate cloning into the Bbsl restriction site in the CRISPR/Cas vector. Using this approach, any spacer sequence can be conveniently cloned into the CRISPR/Cas vector.

Reconstructing CRISPR/Cas System for One-step Generation of Transgenic Animals

In order to reconstitute a CRISPR/Cas system for one-step generation of transgenic animal as described in Wang et al (Wang H, Yang H, Shivalila C S, Dawlaty M M, Cheng A W, Zhang F, Jaenisch R: One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. Cell 2013, 153(4):910-918) where direct embryo injection is used, the above detailed CRISPR/Cas vector system needs to be modified to incorporate a T7 polymerase promoter to the Cas9 coding sequence. In addition, the gRNA needs to be removed and synthetised separately by annealing oligos or produced synthetically (See below for an example T7-spacer sequence fused to chimeric guided RNA sequence—T7-gRNA). Note, ideally the spacer sequence will be designed in a unique region of a given chromosome to minimise off-target effect and also the respective protospacer genomic sequence needs to have a PAM at the 3′-end.

Example T7-gRNA Sequence

(SEQ ID NO: 17) TTAATACGACTCACTATAGG NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN GTTTTAGAGC TAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGT GGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTT.

The underlined 20 by of N's depicts the spacer sequence for a given target DNA.

To reconstruct the one-step CRISPR/Cas system, the above detailed DNA fragments (Fragments 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7) can be assembled together where fragment 1A (containing 45 bp homology to pBlueScript KS+ vector 5′ to the EcoRV restriction site, human U6 promoter, Bbsl restriction sites, chimeric guided RNA sequence and chicken b-actin promoter) is replaced with fragment 1, which only contains 45 bp homology to pBlueScript KS+ vector and the DNA sequence for T7 polymerase promoter with 45 bp homology to fragment 2. This will create the nuclease version of the CRISPR/Cas system for one-step generation of transgenic animals. To create the nickase version, fragment 2 can be replaced with fragment 2A as detailed above and then fragments 1, 2A, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 can be assembled together either by Gibson assembly or by assembly PCR.

Fragment 1 (111 bp)

(SEQ ID NO: 18) GGTACCGGGCCCCCCCTCGAGGTCGACGGTATCGATAAGCTTGATAATAC GACTCACTATAGGGAGAATGGACTATAAGGACCACGACGGAGACTACAAG GATCATGATATT.

Preparation of Oligo/DNA Fragments for HDR-Mediated Repair

DNA oligos ranging from 15 bp and upwards in excess of >125 bp will be synthetised through Sigma Custom Oligo synthesis Service. The oligos can contain any sequence such as a defined mutation, introduced restriction sites or a sequence of interest including recombination recognition sequence such as loxP or derivatives thereof, Frt and derivatives thereof or PiggyBac LTR or any other transposon elements or regulatory elements including enhancers, promoter sequence, reporter gene, selection markets and tags. The oligo design will incorporate DNA homology to the region where Cas9 mediates double-stranded DNA break or DNA nick. The size of the homology will range from a few base pairs (2-5 bp) to upwards and in excess of 80 bp. Larger DNA fragments (>100 bp ranging up to several kilobases) will be prepared either synthetically (GeneArt) or by PCR. The DNA fragment will be synthetised either with or without flanked NLS or only with a single NLS and either with or without a promoter (e.g., T7 polymerase promoter). The DNA can be prepared as a single stranded DNA fragment using either the capture biotinylated target DNA sequence method (Invitrogen: DYNABEADS M-270 Streptavidin) or any other standard and established single stranded DNA preparation methodology. The single stranded DNA can be prepared for microinjection by IVT as described above and the mRNA co-injected with Cas9 mRNA and gRNA. The DNA fragment can also be co-injected as a double stranded DNA fragment. The DNA fragment will be flanked by DNA homology to the site where Cas9 mediates double-stranded DNA break or DNA nick. The DNA homology can range from a few base pairs (2-5 bp) and up to or in excess of several kilobases. The DNA fragment can be used to introduce any endogenous or exogenous DNA.

HDR-mediated repair can also be done in ES cells following CRISPR/Cas-mediated DNA cleavage. The above mentioned donor oligo or DNA fragment can be co-transfected into ES cells along with the CRISPR/Cas expression vector.

Production of Cas9 mRNA and gRNA

Vector containing the T7 polymerase promoter with the coding region of humanised Cas9 will be PCR amplified using oligos Cas9-F and Cas9-R. The T7-Cas9 PCR product can be gel extracted and the DNA purified using Qiagen gel extraction kit. The purified T7-Cas9 DNA will be used for in vitro transcription (IVT) using mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra Kit (Life Technologies Cat No. AM1345). The vector containing the T7-gRNA can be PCR amplified using oligos gRNA-F and gRNA-R and once again the PCR products gel purified. IVT of the T7-gRNA will be carried out using MEGAshortscript T7 Kit (Life Technologies Cat No. AM1354) and the gRNA purified using MEGAclear Kit (Life Technologies Cat No. AM1908) and eluted in RNase-free water.

(SEQ ID NO: 19) Cas9-F: TTAATACGACTCACTATAGG (SEQ ID NO: 20) Cas9-R: GCGAGCTCTAGGAATTCTTAC (SEQ ID NO: 21) gRNA-F: TTAATACGACTCACTATAGG (SEQ ID NO: 22) gRNA-R: AAAAAAGCACCGACTCGGTGCCAC

ES Cell Transfection Procedure

Mouse embryonic stem cells AB2.1 and derivatives of this line will be used for transfecting the mammalian codon optimised Cas9 and sgRNA from a single expression vector or from separate vectors if desired. AB2.1 ES cells will be cultured on a PSNL76/7/4 MEF feeder layer in M-15: Knockout DMEM (Gibco, no pyruvate, high glucose, 15% FBS, 1×GPS, 1×BME) with standard ES cell culturing techniques. Transfection of CRISPR/Cas expression vector along with the optional addition of a donor oligo or DNA fragment will be done by electroporation using the Amaxa 4D-Nucleofector® Protocol (Lonza). A plasmid expressing PGK-Puro will also be optionally co-transfected to promote transfection efficiency. After transfection ES cells will be plated back onto feeder plates and Puromycin (2 μg/ml) will be added 72 hours post transfection for 7 days after which colonies will be picked and genotyped by PCR. Positive colonies will be further cultured and expanded on feeder layer and selection markers where necessary will be excised using a PiggyBac transposon system. This will be done by electroporation of ES cells with a plasmid containing HyPbase using the Amaxa 4D-Nucleofector® Protocol (Lonza). The ES cell will be plated back onto feeder plates. ES cells will be passaged 2-3 days post transfection and after a further 2-3 days the ES cells will be plated out at different cells densities (1:10, 1:20, 1:100 and 1:300) and FIAU (2 μg/ml) selection will be added 24 hours after replating. Colonies will be picked and analysed by PCR genotyping after 7-10 days on selection media. Positive clones will be further cultured and expanded on feeder layer and sent for zygote (blastocyst) microinjection.

Microiniection of Mouse Zygotes Materials and Reagents:

M2 (Sigma M7167)

Embryo Max KSOM (Speciality media MR-020P-F)

Hyaluronidase (Sigma H4272)

Mineral Oil (Sigma, M-8410)

Possible Donor Strains:

S3F/S3F;KF3/KF3

S3F/S3F;K4/K4

S7F/S7F

K5F/K5F

Preparation of Zygotes and Microinjection:

The protocol is as described in: A. Nagy Et al. Manipulating the Mouse Embryo 3^(rd) Edition. Chapter 7, Protocols 7-1, 7-6, 7-10, 7-11. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

In brief:

-   -   1. Zygotes are harvested from E0.5 dpc (day post-coitum)         superovulated female mice.     -   2. The zygotes are incubated in hyaluronidase to disperse         cumulus cells.     -   3. Zygotes are collected and transferred to several drops of M2         medium to rinse off the hyaluronidase solution and debris.         Zygotes are placed into KSOM Media and incubated at 37° C., 5%         CO₂ until required.     -   4. Zygote quality is assessed and zygotes with normal morphology         are selected for injection, these are placed in KSOM media and         incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ until required.

Microiniection Set Up:

Injection procedures are performed on a Nikon Eclipse Ti inverted microscope with Eppendorf micromanipulators and an Eppendorf femtojet injection system. A slide is prepared by adding a large drop ˜200 microlitres of M2 into the centre.

Microinjection:

Place an appropriate number of zygotes onto the slide. Examine the zygotes and select only those with normal morphology (2 distinct pronuclei are visible). Whilst holding a zygote with a male pronucleus closest to the injection pipette, carefully push the injection pipette through the zona pellucida into the pronucleus, apply injection pressure, the pronucleus should visibly swell, remove the injection pipette quickly. The injected zygote can be placed down while the rest are injected.

At the end of the injection session all viable injected zygotes should be placed into prepared dishes containing drops of KSOM and incubated until ready to surgically implant. They are incubated for 2-3 hours before surgically implanting into pseudo pregnant females. Pups will be born 21 days later.

Example 6 Single Copy Cas9 Expression in ES Cells

Reference is made to FIG. 7.

-   1. A landing pad consisting of a PiggyBac transposon element with     the following features will be targeted into mouse ES cells (e.g.,     129-derived ES cells, such as AB2.1 ES cells; Baylor College of     Medicine, Texas, USA) and selected for on G418. The PiggyBac     transposon element will contain neomycin resistance gene flanked by     loxP and lox2272. It will also have a geneless PGK promoter. In this     example, the landing pad will be targeted into the introgenic region     of Rosa26 gene located on chromosome 6, but it could be targeted     elsewhere. Targeting this landing pad in the Rosa26 gene will     provide a universal ES cell line for precisely inserting any desired     DNA fragment including DNA fragments containing Cas9, mutant Cas9 or     any other gene of interest via RMCE with high efficiency. Targeting     Rosa26 is beneficial since the targeted construct will be inserted     as a single copy (unlike random integration elsewhere) and is     unlikely to produce an unwanted phenotypic effect.     -   Note. This landing pad can be inserted into any gene in any         chromosome or indeed in any eukaryotic or mammalian cell line,         e.g., a human, insect, plant, yeast, mouse, rat, rabbit, rodent,         pig, dog, cat, fish, chicken or bird cell line, followed by         generation of the respective transgenic organism expressing         Cas9.

Rosa 26 Locus

Ubiquitous expression of transgene in mouse embryonic stem cell can be achieved by gene targeting to the ROSA26 locus (also known as: gene trap ROSA 26 or Gt(ROSA)26) by homologous recombination (Ref. (a) and (b) below). The genomic coordinates for mouse C57BL/6J Rosa26 gene based on Ensemble release 73—September 2013 is: Chromosome 6: 113,067,428-113,077,333; reverse strand.

The Rosa26 locus can also be used to as a recipient location to knock-in a transgene. In our example we have use the Rosa26 locus to knock-in the landing pad vector by targeting through homologous recombination into the intronic region located between exons 2 and 3 of mouse strain 129-derived embryonic stem cells using approx. 3.1 kb homology arms. The homology arms were retrieved by recombineering from a BAC Clone generated from mouse strain 129. The sequence of the Rosa26 homology arms used for targeting is given below.

Sequence of Rosa26 5′ homology arm (SEQ ID NO: 23) CACATTTGGTCCTGCTTGAACATTGCCATGGCTCTTAAAGTCTTAATTAA GAATATTAATTGTGTAATTATTGTTTTTCCTCCTTTAGATCATTCCTTGA GGACAGGACAGTGCTTGTTTAAGGCTATATTTCTGCTGTCTGAGCAGCAA CAGGTCTTCGAGATCAACATGATGTTCATAATCCCAAGATGTTGCCATTT ATGTTCTCAGAAGCAAGCAGAGGCATGATGGTCAGTGACAGTAATGTCAC TGTGTTAAATGTTGCTATGCAGTTTGGATTTTTCTAATGTAGTGTAGGTA GAACATATGTGTTCTGTATGAATTAAACTCTTAAGTTACACCTTGTATAA TCCATGCAATGTGTTATGCAATTACCATTTTAAGTATTGTAGCTTTCTTT GTATGTGAGGATAAAGGTGTTTGTCATAAAATGTTTTGAACATTTCCCCA AAGTTCCAAATTATAAAACCACAACGTTAGAACTTATTTATGAACAATGG TTGTAGTTTCATGCTTTTAAAATGCTTAATTATTCAATTAACACCGTTTG TGTTATAATATATATAAAACTGACATGTAGAAGTGTTTGTCCAGAACATT TCTTAAATGTATACTGTCTTTAGAGAGTTTAATATAGCATGTCTTTTGCA ACATACTAACTTTTGTGTTGGTGCGAGCAATATTGTGTAGTCATTTTGAA AGGAGTCATTTCAATGAGTGTCAGATTGTTTTGAATGTTATTGAACATTT TAAATGCAGACTTGTTCGTGTTTTAGAAAGCAAAACTGTCAGAAGCTTTG AACTAGAAATTAAAAAGCTGAAGTATTTCAGAAGGGAAATAAGCTACTTG CTGTATTAGTTGAAGGAAAGTGTAATAGCTTAGAAAATTTAAAACCATAT AGTTGTCATTGCTGAATATCTGGCAGATGAAAAGAAATACTCAGTGGTTC TTTTGAGCAATATAACAGCTTGTTATATTAAAAATTTTCCCCACAGATAT AAACTCTAATCTATAACTCATAAATGTTACAAATGGATGAAGCTTACAAA TGTGGCTTGACTTGTCACTGTGCTTGTTTTAGTTATGTGAAAGTTTGGCA ATAAACCTATGTCCTAAATAGTCAAACTGTGGAATGACTTTTTAATCTAT TGGTTTGTCTAGAACAGTTATGTTGCCATTTGCCCTAATGGTGAAAGAAA AAGTGGGGAGTGCCTTGGCACTGTTCATTTGTGGTGTGAACCAAAGAGGG GGGCATGCACTTACACTTCAAACATCCTTTTGAAAGACTGACAAGTTTGG GTCTTCACAGTTGGAATTGGGCATCCCTTTTGTCAGGGAGGGAGGGAGGG AGGGAGGCTGGCTTGTTATGCTGACAAGTGTGATTAAATTCAAACTTTGA GGTAAGTTGGAGGAACTTGTACATTGTTAGGAGTGTGACAATTTGGACTC TTAATGATTTGGTCATACAAAATGAACCTAGACCAACTTCTGGAAGATGT ATATAATAACTCCATGTTACATTGATTTCACCTGACTAATACTTATCCCT TATCAATTAAATACAGAAGATGCCAGCCATCTGGGCCTTTTAACCCAGAA ATTTAGTTTCAAACTCCTAGGTTAGTGTTCTCACTGAGCTACATCCTGAT CTAGTCCTGAAAATAGGACCACCATCACCCCCAAAAAAATCTCAAATAAG ATTTATGCTAGTGTTTCAAAATTTTAGGAATAGGTAAGATTAGAAAGTTT TAAATTTTGAGAAATGGCTTCTCTAGAAAGATGTACATAGTGAACACTGA ATGGCTCCTAAAGAGCCTAGAAAACTGGTACTGAGCACACAGGACTGAGA GGTCTTTCTTGAAAAGCATGTATTGCTTTACGTGGGTCACAGAAGGCAGG CAGGAAGAACTTGGGCTGAAACTGGTGTCTTAAGTGGCTAACATCTTCAC AACTGATGAGCAAGAACTTTATCCTGATGCAAAAACCATCCAAACAAACT AAGTGAAAGGTGGCAATGGATCCCAGGCTGCTCTAGAGGAGGACTTGACT TCTCATCCCATCACCCACACCAGATAGCTCATAGACTGCCAATTAACACC AGCTTCTAGCCTCCACAGGCACCTGCACTGGTACACATAATTTCACACAA ACACAGTAAGAAGCCTTCCACCTGGCATGGTATTGCTTATCTTTAGTTCC CAACACTTGGGAGGCAGAGGCCAGCCAGGGCTATGTGACAAAAACCTTGT CTAGAGGAGAAACTTCATAGCTTATTTCCTATTCACGTAACCAGGTTAGC AAAATTTACCAGCCAGAGATGAAGCTAACAGTGTCCACTATATTTGTAGT GTTTTAAGTCAATTTTTTAAATATACTTAATAGAATTAAAGCTATGGTGA ACCAAGTACAAACCTGGTGTATTAACTTGAGAACTTAGCATAAAAAGTAG TTCATTTGTTCAGTAAATATTAAATGCTTACTGGCAAAGATTATGTCAGG AACTTGGTAAATGGTGATGAAACAATCATAGTTGTACATCTTGGTTCTGT GATCACCTTGGTTTGAGGTAAAAGTGGTTCCTTTGATCAAGGATGGAATT TTAAGTTTATATTCAATCAATAATGTATTATTTTGTGATTGCAAAATTGC CTATCTAGGGTATAAAACCTTTAAAAATTTCATAATACCAGTTCATTCTC CAGTTACTAATTCCAAAAAGCCACTGACTATGGTGCCAATGTGGATTCTG TTCTCAAAGGAAGGATTGTCTGTGCCCTTTATTCTAATAGAAACATCACA CTGAAAATCTAAGCTGAAAGAAGCCAGACTTTCCTAAATAAATAACTTTC CATAAAGCTCAAACAAGGATTACTTTTAGGAGGCACTGTTAAGGAACTGA TAAGTAATGAGGTTACTTATATAATGATAGTCCCACAAGACTATCTGAGG AAAAATCAGTACAACTCGAAAACAGAACAACCAGCTAGGCAGGAATAACA GGGCTCCCAAGTCAGGAGGTCTATCCAACACCCTTTTCTGTTGAGGGCCC CAGACCTACATATTGTATACAAACAGGGAGGTGGGTGATTTTAACTCTCC TGAGGTAC Sequence of Rosa26 3′ homology arm (SEQ ID NO: 14) CTTGGTAAATCTTTGTCCTGAGTAAGCAGTACAGTGTACAGTTTACATTT TCATTTAAAGATACATTAGCTCCCTCTACCCCCTAAGACTGACAGGCACT TTGGGGGTGGGGAGGGCTTTGGAAAATAACGCTTCCATACACTAAAAGAG AAATTTCTTTAATTAGGCTTGTTGGTTCCATACATCTACTGGTGTTTCTA CTACTTAGTAATATTATAATAGTCACACAAGCATCTTTGCTCTGTTTAGG TTGTATATTTATTTTAAGGCAGATGATAAAACTGTAGATCTTAAGGGATG CTTCTGCTTCTGAGATGATACAAAGAATTTAGACCATAAAACAGTAGGTT GCACAAGCAATAGAATATGGCCTAAAGTGTTCTGACACTTAGAAGCCAAG CAGTGTAGGCTTCTTAAGAAATACCATTACAATCACCTTGCTAGAAATCA AGCATTCTGGAGTGGTCAAGCAGTGTAACCTGTACTGTAAGTTACTTTTC TGCTATTTTTCTCCCAAAGCAAGTTCTTTATGCTGATATTTCCAGTGTTA GGAACTACAAATATTAATAAGTTGTCTTCACTCTTTTCTTTACCAAGGAG GGTCTCTTCCTTCATCTTGATCTGAAGGATGAACAAAGGCTTGAGCAGTG CGCTTTAGAAGATAAACTGCAGCATGAAGGCCCCCGATGTTCACCCAGAC TACATGGACCTTTCGCCACACATGTCCCATTCCAGATAAGGCCTGGCACA CACAAAAAACATAAGTCATTAGGCTACCAGTCTGATTCTAAAACAACCTA AAATCTTCCCACTTAAATGCTATGGGTGGTGGGTTGGAAAGTTGACTCAG AAAATCACTTGCTGTTTTTAGAGAGGATCTGGGTTCAGTTTCTGATACAT TGTGGCTTACAACTATAACTCCAGTTCTAGGGGGTCCATCCAACATCCTC TTCTGTTGAGGGCACCAAATAAATGTATTGTGTACAAACAGGGAGGTGAG TGATTTAACTCTCGTGTATAGTACCTTGGTAAAACATTTCTTGTCCTGAG TAAGCAGTACAGCTCTGCCTGTCCCTGGTCTACAGACACGGCTCATTTCC CGAAGGCAAGCTGGATAGAGATTCCAATTTCTCTTCTTGGATCCCATCCT ATAAAAGAAGGTCAAGTTTAATCTATTGCAAAAGGTAAATAGGTAGTTTC TTACATGAGACAAGAACAAATCTTAGGTGTGAAGCAGTCATCTTTTACAG GCCAGAGCCTCTATTCTATGCCAATGAAGGAAACTGTTAGTCCAGTGTTA TAGAGTTAGTCCAGTGTATAGTTTTCTATCAGAACACTTTTTTTTTAAAC AACTGCAACTTAGCTTATTGAAGACAAACCACGAGTAGAAATCTGTCCAA GAAGCAAGTGCTTCTCAGCCTACAATGTGGAATAGGACCATGTAATGGTA CAGTGAGTGAAATGAATTATGGCATGTTTTTCTGACTGAGAAGACAGTAC AATAAAAGGTAAACTCATGGTATTTATTTAAAAAGAATCCAATTTCTACC TTTTTCCAAATGGCATATCTGTTACAATAATATCCACAGAAGCAGTTCTC AGTGGGAGGTTGCAGATATCCCACTGAACAGCATCAATGGGCAAACCCCA GGTTGTTTTTCTGTGGAGACAAAGGTAAGATATTTCAATATATTTTCCCA AGCTAATGAGATGGCTCAGCAAATAATGGTACTGGCCATTAAGTCTCATG ACCTGAGCTTGATCCTCAGGGACCATGTGGTACAAGGAGAGACCTAAATC CTTCAGTTGGACTTCAATCTTCTACCCTCATGTCCACACACAAATAAATA CAATAAAAAACATTCTGCAGTCTGAATTTCTAAAGGTTGTTTTTCTAAAA AGAAATGTTAAAGTAACATAGGAAGAAATATGTCCATAACTGAAATACAA GTTTTTTAAATGGTTAAGACTGGTTTTCAAAGGATGTATGGTTAAGAAAA TACCAGGGAAAATGAGCTTACATGTAAAAAAGTGTCTAAAAGGCCAGAGA AATGACCCAGCTGGCAAAGGTGTCTGCCCTAAGCCAGACAAAAGGAATTT GATTCACAGGAAGAAGAGACCCAACTCTCACTAGTTATCCTCTGACTTCC ACACCATGACACAGCTCCATGGCACTCTCAGGCCCCCACACATATACAGA TATAAACAGAAACCTAATCCACCAGCCTTCAGAAGCAAAGCAATTGGAGG ATTTAAACAGGCCATGGCTACTAATAGAGATAACTGGTAGTTTAAAAGTT ATGGTAATGACTTTCATGCTTCTTTCAACTCATATTGTTCTAAATAATTA ATTTGGTTTTTCAAGGCAGGGTTTCTCTGTGTAGTTCTGGCTGTCCTGGA ACTCACTCTGTAGACCAGGCTGGCCTTGAACTCAGATCCATCTGCCTCTG GAATAAGGGCACGTGCGTGCCTTTTCTACATAACAAAACCTATACTATAA CAAAACCTATACCATACTGTACCGTTTTGGGAAAAGACAAAAAATAATGA ACAAAAAAGGAGAAATAACATTCCAATAAAGTATGGAAATGGTAGTTAAA TTAATTACAAATGTTTTTCAGTAAATTAGATGTGACTTCTCATACTGTTC ATTTGGCTATAATGATACCACAAAGCACTGGGGGTGAATAATAATTCCAA GTCAGTAGGGAGAGAGACTTGAAAAGATGCAATGCAATCATTGAAGTTAA ACTTACCCATCTTTAATCTGGCTCTTAGTCAATAGAGATGAGATGTTATT TGCTGCTCTGTTCACTGCCAGTGGGTTATTGTCCCCAGCAATATGGTAAC AGTGAGACCACTCAGTAGCCCCCTATGAGACAGGAGTGTTGGTTAAACAT GCCACAAGAGAAAAGGGAAAAGTCACTATGGCCAACTCTCAGTAACATGG CAATCCGTGCCATTCATTTCCTTGCCAGAAATGTCTTCCCTGTTCTTCTG CCTACTGAACTTTCACCCACTAGAAATGTGGCTCCAATGTCATCCACTAT GACATCAATGTCAGCGCTAGAAGCACTTTGCACACCTCTGTTGCTGACTT AG

REFERENCE

-   a) Pablo Perez-Pinera, David G. Ousterout, Matthew T. Brown and     Charles A. Gersbach (2012) Gene targeting to the ROSA26 locus     directed by engineered zinc finger nucleases. Nucleic Acids     Research, 2012, Vol. 40, No. 8 3741-3752 -   b) Peter Hohenstein, Joan Slight, Derya Deniz Ozdemir, Sally F Burn,     Rachel Berry and Nicholas D Hastie (2008) High-efficiency Rosa26     knock-in vector construction for Cre-regulated overexpression and     RNAi. PathoGenetics 2008, 1:3 -   2. A recombinase mediated cassette exchange (RMCE)-enabled vector     containing a promoterless puromycin-delta-tk with in-frame fusion of     T2A at the C-terminus following by either Cas9 or mutant Cas9     nucleotide sequence and a series of unique restriction sites flanked     by loxP and lox2272 will allow for the direct targeting of this     vector into the landing pad by Cre-mediated RMCE. As is known, T2A     allows ribosomal skipping during translation. The insertion of the     coding sequence of T2A between two genes results in two products     (one gene, one transcript but two proteins expressed, in this case     the Cas9 and selection marker). ES clones containing the correctly     inserted DNA fragment can be directly selected on puromycin. This     approach also advantageously ensures single copy expression of Cas9     as suppose to a random integration or transient expression approach.     Insertion of the RMCE enabled vector into the desired locus     containing the landing pad can be selected directly as the PGK     promoter in the landing pad will drive the transcription of the     promoterless Puro-Delta-Tk and Cas9. Since the Puro-delta-Tk is in     the same transcriptional unit as Cas9, ES clones selected on     puromycin will ensure expression of Cas9. -   3. The above strategy allows for three separate approaches to     express the sgRNA designed for disrupting (mutation through indel     formation, deletion or deletion followed by insertion) gene of     interest.     -   a. The above ES cell line containing Cas9 can be used for         generating transgenic mice with either constitutively expressed         Cas9 or modified for inducible Cas9 expression or indeed tissue         specific Cas9 expression for example expression of Cas9 at an         embryo stage using Nanog-, Pou5f1- or SoxB promoter-specifc Cas9         expression. Such derived mouse line expressing Cas9 can be used         for genome editing in a streamline fashion whereby in vitro         transcribed sgRNA can be easily injected into embryos obtained         from such transgenic mice. This will enhance the efficiency of         generating mouse lines with the desired homozygous genotype and         thus will dramatically reduce the number of animals required.     -   b. sgRNA can be transfected directly into the ES cells         expressing Cas9 and thus avoids the requirement for cloning into         the RMCE enabled vector single or multiple sgRNA. This approach         will allow multiple sgRNA to be inserted into the ES cells         simultaneously very rapidly.     -   c. Multiple sgRNA can be cloned directly into the multiple         cloning site of the RMCE enabled vector (i.e., using a plurality         of different restriction endonuclease sites) to allow single         copy expression of the guide-RNA. This approach may be useful         for limiting off-target effects particularly relevant for those         genes with high sequence homology within the genome. -   4. ES cells expressing Cas9 and sgRNA can be selected for directly     on medium containing puromycin. Selection on puromycin for 4-6 days     will allow for the desired location to be mutated or disrupted and     the advantage of manipulating ES cells is that individual clones can     be analysed by PCR followed by sequencing for the desired mutation.     Only correctly mutated ES cell clones can be processed further     whereby inserted DNA element introduced through insertion of the     landing pad and the subsequent insertion of the RMCE vector can be     completely removed leaving the ES cell devoid of any alteration     other than the intended mutation induced by the action of Cas9 and     the sgRNA. This can be done through transiently expressing PBase     transposon followed by selection on FIAU. Removal of the     constitutively expressed Cas9 with only the minimal length of time     required to induce mutation in the presence of sgRNA will reduce or     eliminate the possibility of Cas9 inducing unwanted mutations. -   5. ES Clones containing the desired mutation can be injected into     blastocyst to generate transgenic mice.

In Table 1, sequence identification numbers for sequences from top to bottom in the column under the header “CRISPR Consensus sequences” are SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36 and SEQ ID NO: 37. The sequence identification numbers for sequences from top to bottom in the column under the header “Leaders” are SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58, SEQ ID NO: 59, SEQ ID NO: 60 and SEQ ID NO: 61.

TABLE 1 PAM conservation in repeats and leaders for various CRISPR types (reproduced from Short motif sequences determine the targets of the prokaryotic CRISPR de- fence system F. J. M. Mojica, C. Diez-Villaseñor, J. Garcia-Martinez, C. Almendros Microbiology(2009), 155, 733-740) Genomes* PAM CRISPR Consensus† Leaders‡ Group 1 Mth NGG ATTTCAATCCCATTTTGGTCTGATTTTAAC AGGGCGGATT ATGGCCAATT Lmo WGG ATTTACATTTTCAHAATAAGTARYTAAAAC CCACTAACTT CCGCTCTATT Group 2 Eco CWT CGGTTTATCCCCGCTGGCGCGGGGAACWC TCTAAACATA TCTAAAAGTA Pae CTT CGGTTCATCCCCACRCMYGTGGGGAACAC ACTTACCGTA CCTTACCGTA Group 3 Spy GAA ATTTCAATCCACTCACCCATGAAGGGTGAGAC TGCGCCAAAT Xan GAA GTTTCAATCCACGCGCCCGTGAGGRCGCGAC CCCCCCTTAG GCCGCCAGCA Group 4 She GG TTTCTAAGCCGCCTGTGCGGCGGTGAAC AATAGCTTAT TGTAGAATAA Pae GG TTTCTTAGCTGCCTATACGGCAGTGAAC TAGCTCCGAA TAGACCAAAA Ype GG TTTCTAAGCTGCCTGTGCGGCAGTGAAC GTAAGATAAT Group 7 Sso NGG CTTTCAATTCTATAAGAGATTATC TGAGGGTTTA Mse NGG CTTTCAACTCTATAGGAGATTAAC TGATACCTTT TGAAACTTTT TGACACTCTT Group 10 Str NGG GTTTTAGAGCTATGCTGTTTTGAATGGTCCCAAAAC CTCGTAGACT CTCGTAGAAA Lis NGG GTTTTAGAGCTATGTTATTTTGAATGCTAMCAAAAC CTCGCAGAAT CTCGTAGAAT *Genomes are abbreviated according to the denominations of the species or genera carrying the corresponding CRISPR arrays: Mth, M. thermautotrophicus; Lmo, L. monocytogenes; Eco, E. coli, Pae, P. aeruginosa; Spy, S. pyogenes; Xan, Xanthomonas spp.; She, Shewanella spp.; Ype, Y. pestis; Sso, S. solfataricus; Mse, M. sedula; Str, Streptococcus spp.; Lis, Listeria spp. †Sequences matching the PAM are underlined. ‡Representative CRISPR array proximal Leader sequences. Nucleotides matching the PAM are underlined.

TABLE 2 CRISPR-Associated Endonucleases [Gene ID numbers refer to genes in the NCBI Gene Database as at September 2013; all sequence information relating to the gene IDs below is incorporated herein by reference for possible use in the present invention] 1. Plav_0099 CRISPR-associated endonuclease Csn1 family protein[Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS-1] Other Aliases: Plav_0099 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_009719.1 (105795 . . . 108908, complement) ID: 5454634 2. FTN_0757 membrane protein[Francisella novicida U112] Other Aliases: FTN_0757 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_008601.1 (810052 . . . 814941) ID: 4548251 3. Cj1523c CRISPR-associated protein[Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni NCTC 11168 = ATCC 700819] Other Aliases: Cj1523c Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_002163.1 (1456880 . . . 1459834, complement) ID: 905809 4. mcrA restriction endonuclease[Bifidobacterium longum DJO10A] Other Aliases: BLD_1902 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_010816.1 (2257993 . . . 2261556) ID: 6362834 5. MGA_0519 Csn1 family CRISPR-associated protein[Mycoplasma gallisepticum str. R(low)] Other Aliases: MGA_0519 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_004829.2 (919248 . . . 923060) ID: 1089911 6. Emin_0243 CRISPR-associated endonuclease Csn1 family protein[Elusimicrobium minutum Pei191] Other Aliases: Emin_0243 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_010644.1 (261119 . . . 264706) ID: 6263045 7. FTW_1427 CRISPR-associated large protein[Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis WY96-3418] Other Aliases: FTW_1427 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_009257.1 (1332426 . . . 1335803, complement) ID: 4958852 8. SMA_1444 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198] Other Aliases: SMA_1444 Annotation: NC_016749.1 (1418337 . . . 1421729, complement) ID: 11601419 9. SSUST3_1318 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Streptococcus suis ST3] Other Aliases: SSUST3_1318 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015433.1 (1323872 . . . 1327240, complement) ID: 10491484 10. cas5 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Streptococcus gallolyticus UCN34] Other Aliases: GALLO_1439 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_013798.1 (1511433 . . . 1514825, complement) ID: 8776949 11. GALLO_1446 CRISPR-associated protein[Streptococcus gallolyticus UCN34] Other Aliases: GALLO_1446 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_013798.1 (1518984 . . . 1523110, complement) ID: 8776185 12. csn1 CRISPR-associated endonuclease Csn1[Bifidobacterium dentium Bd1] Other Aliases: BDP_1254 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_013714.1 (1400576 . . . 1403992, complement) ID: 8692053 13. NMO_0348 putative CRISPR-associated protein[Neisseria meningitidis alpha14] Other Aliases: NMO_0348 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_013016.1 (369547 . . . 372795, complement) ID: 8221228 14. csn1 CRISPR-Associated Protein Csn1[Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus MGCS10565] Other Aliases: Sez_1330 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_011134.1 (1369339 . . . 1373385, complement) ID: 6762114 15. csn1 CRISPR-associated endonuclease Csn1 family protein[Streptococcus gordonii str. Challis substr. CH1] Other Aliases: SGO_1381 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_009785.1 (1426750 . . . 1430160, complement) ID: 5599802 16. M28_Spy0748 cytoplasmic protein[Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS6180] Other Aliases: M28_Spy0748 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_007296.1 (771231 . . . 775337) ID: 3573516 17. SGGBAA2069_c14690 CRISPR-associated protein[Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus ATCC BAA-2069] Other Aliases: SGGBAA2069_c14690 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015215.1 (1520905 . . . 1525017, complement) ID: 10295470 18. SAR116_2544 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum IMCC1322] Other Aliases: SAR116_2544 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_014010.1 (2748992 . . . 2752099) ID: 8962895 19. TDE0327 CRISPR-associated Cas5e[Treponema denticola ATCC 35405] Other Aliases: TDE0327 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_002967.9 (361021 . . . 365208) ID: 2741543 20. csn1 CRISPR-associated protein[Streptococcus pasteurianus ATCC 43144] Other Aliases: SGPB_1342 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015600.1 (1400035 . . . 1403427, complement) ID: 10753339 21. cas9 CRISPR-associated protein[Corynebacterium ulcerans BR-AD22] Other Aliases: CULC22_00031 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015683.1 (30419 . . . 33112, complement) ID: 10842578 22. MGAS2096_Spy0843 putative cytoplasmic protein[Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS2096] Other Aliases: MGAS2096_Spy0843 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_008023.1 (813084 . . . 817190) ID: 4066021 23. MGAS9429_Spy0885 cytoplasmic protein[Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS9429] Other Aliases: MGAS9429_Spy0885 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_008021.1 (852508 . . . 856614) ID: 4061575 24. AZL_009000 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Azospirillum sp. B510] Other Aliases: AZL_009000 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_013854.1 (1019522 . . . 1023028, complement) ID: 8789261 25. EUBREC_1713 contains RuvC-like nuclease and HNH-nuclease domains[Eubacterium rectale ATCC 33656] Other Aliases: EUBREC_1713 Other Designations: CRISPR-system related protein Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_012781.1 (1591112 . . . 1594456) ID: 7963668 26. Alide2_0194 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601] Other Aliases: Alide2_0194 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015422.1 (218107 . . . 221196) ID: 10481210 27. Alide_0205 crispr-associated protein, csn1 family[Alicycliphilus denitrificans BC] Other Aliases: Alide_0205 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_014910.1 (228371 . . . 231460) ID: 10102228 28. STER_1477 CRISPR-system-like protein[Streptococcus thermophilus LMD-9] Other Aliases: STER_1477 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_008532.1 (1379975 . . . 1384141, complement) ID: 4437923 29. STER_0709 CRISPR-system-like protein[Streptococcus thermophilus LMD-9] Other Aliases: STER_0709 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_008532.1 (643235 . . . 646600) ID: 4437391 30. cas9 CRISPR-associated protein[Corynebacterium diphtheriae 241] Other Aliases: CD241_2102 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016782.1 (2245769 . . . 2248399) ID: 11674395 31. cas3 CRISPR-associated endonuclease[Corynebacterium diphtheriae 241] Other Aliases: CD241_0034 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016782.1 (35063 . . . 38317) ID: 11672999 32. Corgl_1738 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Coriobacterium glomerans PW2] Other Aliases: Corgl_1738 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015389.1 (2036091 . . . 2040245) ID: 10439994 33. Fluta_3147 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Fluviicola taffensis DSM 16823] Other Aliases: Fluta_3147 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015321.1 (3610221 . . . 3614597, complement) ID: 10398516 34. Acav_0267 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae ATCC 19860] Other Aliases: Acav_0267 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015138.1 (295839 . . . 298976) ID: 10305168 35. NAL212_2952 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Nitrosomonas sp. AL212] Other Aliases: NAL212_2952 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015222.1 (2941806 . . . 2944940, complement) ID: 10299493 36. SpiBuddy_2181 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Sphaerochaeta globosa str. Buddy] Other Aliases: SpiBuddy_2181 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015152.1 (2367952 . . . 2371491, complement) ID: 10292274 37. Tmz1t_2411 HNH endonuclease[Thauera sp. MZ1T] Other Aliases: Tmz1t_2411 Genomic context: Plasmid pTha01 Annotation: NC_011667.1 (75253 . . . 76200, complement) ID: 7094333 38. Gdia_0342 Csn1 family CRISPR-associated protein[Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAI 5] Other Aliases: Gdia_0342 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_011365.1 (382737 . . . 385748) ID: 6973736 39. JJD26997_1875 CRISPR-associated Cas5e family protein[Cannpylobacter jejuni subsp. doylei 269.97] Other Aliases: JJD26997_1875 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_009707.1 (1656109 . . . 1659063, complement) ID: 5389688 40. Asuc_0376 CRISPR-associated endonuclease Csn1 family protein[Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z] Other Aliases: Asuc_0376 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_009655.1 (431928 . . . 435116) ID: 5348478 41. Veis_1230 CRISPR-associated endonuclease Csn1 family protein[Verminephrobacter eiseniae EF01-2] Other Aliases: Veis_1230 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_008786.1 (1365979 . . . 1369185) ID: 4695198 42. MGAS10270_Spy0886 putative cytoplasmic protein[Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS10270] Other Aliases: MGAS10270_Spy0886 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_008022.1 (844446 . . . 848552) ID: 4063984 43. gbs0911 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus agalactiae NEM316] Other Aliases: gbs0911 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_004368.1 (945801 . . . 949946) ID: 1029893 44. NMA0631 hypothetical protein[Neisseria meningitidis Z2491] Other Aliases: NMA0631 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_003116.1 (610868 . . . 614116, complement) ID: 906626 45. Ccan_14650 hypothetical protein[Capnocytophaga canimorsus Cc5] Other Aliases: Ccan_14650 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015846.1 (1579873 . . . 1584165, complement) ID: 10980451 46. Ipp0160 hypothetical protein[Legionella pneumophila str. Paris] Other Aliases: Ipp0160 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_006368.1 (183831 . . . 187949) ID: 3118625 47. Cbei_2080 hypothetical protein[Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052] Other Aliases: Cbei_2080 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_009617.1 (2422056 . . . 2423096) ID: 5296367 48. MMOB0330 hypothetical protein[Mycoplasma mobile 163K] Other Aliases: MMOB0330 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_006908.1 (45652 . . . 49362, complement) ID: 2807677 49. MGF_5203 Csn1 family CRISPR-associated protein[Mycoplasma gallisepticum str. F] Other Aliases: MGF_5203 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017503.1 (888602 . . . 892411) ID: 12397088 50. MGAH_0519 Csn1 family CRISPR-associated protein[Mycoplasma gallisepticum str. R(high)] Other Aliases: MGAH_0519 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017502.1 (918476 . . . 922288) ID: 12395725 51. Smon_1063 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Streptobacillus moniliformis DSM 12112] Other Aliases: Smon_1063 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_013515.1 (1159048 . . . 1162827, complement) ID: 8600791 52. Spy49_0823 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus pyogenes NZ131] Other Aliases: Spy49_0823 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_011375.1 (821210 . . . 825316) ID: 6985827 53. C8J_1425 hypothetical protein[Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni 81116] Other Aliases: C8J_1425 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_009839.1 (1442672 . . . 1445626, complement) ID: 5618449 54. FTF0584 hypothetical protein[Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis FSC198] Other Aliases: FTF0584 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_008245.1 (601115 . . . 604486) ID: 4200457 55. FTT_0584 hypothetical protein[Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis SCHU S4] Other Aliases: FTT_0584 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_006570.2 (601162 . . . 604533) ID: 3191177 56. csn1 CRISPR-associated protein[Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis RE378] Other Aliases: GGS_1116 Annotation: NC_018712.1 (1169559 . . . 1173674, complement) ID: 13799322 57. SMUGS5_06270 CRISPR-associated protein csn1[Streptococcus mutans GS-5] Other Aliases: SMUGS5_06270 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018089.1 (1320641 . . . 1324678, complement) ID: 13299050 58. Y1U_C1412 Csn1[Streptococcus thermophilus MN-ZLW-002] Other Aliases: Y1U_C1412 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017927.1 (1376653 . . . 1380819, complement) ID: 12977193 59. Y1U_C0633 CRISPR-system-like protein[Streptococcus thermophilus MN-ZLW-002] Other Aliases: Y1U_C0633 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017927.1 (624274 . . . 627639) ID: 12975630 60. SALIVA_0715 CRISPR-associated endonuclease, Csn1 family[Streptococcus salivarius JIM8777] Other Aliases: SALIVA_0715 Annotation: NC_017595.1 (708034 . . . 711417) ID: 12910728 61. csn1 CRISPR-associated protein csn1[Streptococcus mutans LJ23] Other Aliases: SMULJ23_0701 Annotation: NC_017768.1 (751695 . . . 755732) ID: 12898085 62. RIA_1455 CRISPR-associated protein, SAG0894[Riemerella anatipestifer RA-GD] Other Aliases: RIA_1455 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017569.1 (1443996 . . . 1448198) ID: 12613647 63. STND_0658 CRISPR-associated endonuclease, Csn1 family[Streptococcus thermophilus ND03] Other Aliases: STND_0658 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017563.1 (633621 . . . 636986) ID: 12590813 64. RA0C_1034 putative BCR[Riemerella anatipestifer ATCC 11845 = DSM 15868] Other Aliases: RA0C_1034 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017045.1 (1023494 . . . 1026931, complement) ID: 11996006 65. Sinf_1255 CRISPR-associated protein, SAG0894 family[Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius CJ18] Other Aliases: Sinf_1255 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016826.1 (1276484 . . . 1280611, complement) ID: 11877786 66. Nitsa_1472 CRISPR-associated protein, csn1 family[Nitratifractor salsuginis DSM 16511] Other Aliases: Nitsa_1472 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_014935.1 (1477331 . . . 1480729) ID: 10148263 67. NLA_17660 hypothetical protein[Neisseria lactamica 020-06] Other Aliases: NLA_17660 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_014752.1 (1890078 . . . 1893326) ID: 10006697 68. SmuNN2025_0694 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus mutans NN2025] Other Aliases: SnnuNN2025_0694 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_013928.1 (737258 . . . 741295) ID: 8834629 69. SDEG_1231 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis GGS_124] Other Aliases: SDEG_1231 Chromosome: 1 Annotation: Chromosome 1NC_012891.1 (1176755 . . . 1180870, complement) ID: 8111553 70. NMCC_0397 hypothetical protein[Neisseria meningitidis 053442] Other Aliases: NMCC_0397 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_010120.1 (402733 . . . 405981, complement) ID: 5796426 71. SAK_1017 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus agalactiae A909] Other Aliases: SAK_1017 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_007432.1 (980303 . . . 984415) ID: 3686185 72. M5005_Spy_0769 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS5005] Other Aliases: M5005_Spy_0769 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_007297.1 (773340 . . . 777446) ID: 3572134 73. MS53_0582 hypothetical protein[Mycoplasma synoviae 53] Other Aliases: MS53_0582 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_007294.1 (684155 . . . 688099) ID: 3564051 74. DIP0036 hypothetical protein[Corynebacterium diphtheriae NCTC 13129] Other Aliases: DIP0036 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_002935.2 (34478 . . . 37732) ID: 2650188 75. WS1613 hypothetical protein[Wolinella succinogenes DSM 1740] Other Aliases: WS1613 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_005090.1 (1525628 . . . 1529857) ID: 2553552 76. PM1127 hypothetical protein[Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida str. Pm70] Other Aliases: PM1127 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_002663.1 (1324015 . . . 1327185, complement) ID: 1244474 77. SPs1176 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus pyogenes SS1-1] Other Aliases: SPs1176 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_004606.1 (1149610 . . . 1153716, complement) ID: 1065374 78. SMU_1405c hypothetical protein[Streptococcus mutans UA159] Other Aliases: SMU_1405c, SMU.1405c Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_004350.2 (1330942 . . . 1334979, complement) ID: 1028661 79. lin2744 hypothetical protein[Listeria innocua Clip11262] Other Aliases: lin2744 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_003212.1 (2770707 . . . 2774711, complement) ID: 1131597 80. csn1B CRISPR-associated protein[Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus ATCC 43143] Other Aliases: SGGB_1441 Annotation: NC_017576.1 (1489111 . . . 1493226, complement) ID: 12630646 81. csn1A CRISPR-associated protein[Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus ATCC 43143] Other Aliases: SGGB_1431 Annotation: NC_017576.1 (1480439 . . . 1483831, complement) ID: 12630636 82. cas9 CRISPR-associated protein[Corynebacterium ulcerans 809] Other Aliases: CULC809_00033 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017317.1 (30370 . . . 33063, complement) ID: 12286148 83. GDI_2123 hypothetical protein[Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAI 5] Other Aliases: GDI_2123 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_010125.1 (2177083 . . . 2180235) ID: 5792482 84. Nham_4054 hypothetical protein[Nitrobacter hamburgensis X14] Other Aliases: Nham_4054 Genomic context: Plasmid 1 Annotation: NC_007959.1 (13284 . . . 16784, complement) ID: 4025380 85. str0657 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus thermophilus CNRZ1066] Other Aliases: str0657 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_006449.1 (619189 . . . 622575) ID: 3165636 86. stu0657 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus thermophilus LMG 18311] Other Aliases: stu0657 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_006448.1 (624007 . . . 627375) ID: 3165000 87. SpyM3_0677 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS315] Other Aliases: SpyM3_0677 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_004070.1 (743040 . . . 747146) ID: 1008991 88. HFMGO6CAA_5227 Csn1 family CRISPR-associated protein[Mycoplasma gallisepticum CA06_2006.052-5-2P] Other Aliases: HFMGO6CAA_5227 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018412.1 (895338 . . . 899147) ID: 13464859 89. FIFMG01WIA_5025 Csn1 family CRISPR-associated protein[Mycoplasma gallisepticum WI01_2001.043-13-2P] Other Aliases: HFMG01WIA_5025 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018410.1 (857648 . . . 861457) ID: 13463863 90. HFMG01NYA_5169 Csn1 family CRISPR-associated protein[Mycoplasma gallisepticum NY01_2001.047-5-1P] Other Aliases: HFMG01NYA_5169 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018409.1 (883511 . . . 887185) ID: 13462600 91. HFMG96NCA_5295 Csn1 family CRISPR-associated protein[Mycoplasma gallisepticum NC96_1596-4-2P] Other Aliases: HFMG96NCA_5295 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018408.1 (904664 . . . 908473) ID: 13462279 92. HFMG95NCA_5107 Csn1 family CRISPR-associated protein[Mycoplasma gallisepticum NC95_13295-2-2P] Other Aliases: HFMG95NCA_5107 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018407.1 (871783 . . . 875592) ID: 13461469 93. MGAS10750_Spy0921 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS10750] Other Aliases: MGAS10750_Spy0921 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_008024.1 (875719 . . . 879834) ID: 4066656 94. XAC3262 hypothetical protein[Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri str. 306] Other Aliases: XAC3262 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_003919.1 (3842310 . . . 3842765) ID: 1157333 95. SSUST1_1305 CRISPR-system-like protein[Streptococcus suis ST1] Other Aliases: SSUST1_1305 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017950.1 (1293105 . . . 1297250, complement) ID: 13017849 96. SSUD9_1467 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Streptococcus suis D9] Other Aliases: SSUD9_1467 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017620.1 (1456318 . . . 1459686, complement) ID: 12718289 97. BBta_3952 hypothetical protein[Bradyrhizobium sp. BTAi1] Other Aliases: BBta_3952 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_009485.1 (4149455 . . . 4152649, complement) ID: 5151538 98. CIY_03670 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 16/4] Other Aliases: CIY_03670 Annotation: NC_021031.1 (309663 . . . 311960, complement) ID: 15213189 99. A11Q_912 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Bdellovibrio exovorus JSS] Other Aliases: A11Q_912 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_020813.1 (904781 . . . 907864, complement) ID: 14861475 100. MCYN0850 Csn1 family CRISPR-associated protein[Mycoplasma cynos C142] Other Aliases: MCYN_0850 Annotation: NC_019949.1 (951497 . . . 955216, complement) ID: 14356531 101. SaSA20_0769 CRISPR-associated protein[Streptococcus agalactiae SA20-06] Other Aliases: SaSA20_0769 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_019048.1 (803597 . . . 807709) ID: 13908026 102. csn1 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Streptococcus pyogenes A20] Other Aliases: A20_0810 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018936.1 (772038 . . . 776144) ID: 13864445 103. P700755_000291 CRISPR-associated protein Cas9/Csn1, subtype II[Psychroflexus torquis ATCC 700755] Other Aliases: P700755_000291 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018721.1 (312899 . . . 317428) ID: 13804571 104. A911_07335 CRISPR-associated protein[Cannpylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni PT14] Other Aliases: A911_07335 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018709.2 (1450217 . . . 1453180, complement) ID: 13791138 105. ASU2_02495 CRISPR-associated endonuclease Csn1 family protein[Actinobacillus suis H91-0380] Other Aliases: ASU2_02495 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018690.1 (552318 . . . 555482) ID: 13751600 106. csn1 CRISPR-associated protein[Listeria monocytogenes SLCC2540] Other Aliases: LMOSLCC2540_2635 Annotation: NC_018586.1 (2700744 . . . 2704748, complement) ID: 13647248 107. csn1 CRISPR-associated protein[Listeria monocytogenes SLCC5850] Other Aliases: LMOSLCC5850_2605 Annotation: NC_018592.1 (2646023 . . . 2650027, complement) ID: 13626042 108. csn1 CRISPR-associated protein[Listeria monocytogenes serotype 7 str. SLCC2482] Other Aliases: LMOSLCC2482_2606 Annotation: NC_018591.1 (2665393 . . . 2669397, complement) ID: 13605045 109. csn1 CRISPR-associated protein[Listeria monocytogenes SLCC2755] Other Aliases: LMOSLCC2755_2607 Annotation: NC_018587.1 (2694850 . . . 2698854, complement) ID: 13599053 110. BN148_1523c CRISPR-associated protein[Cannpylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni NCTC 11168-BN148] Other Aliases: BN148_1523c Annotation: NC_018521.1 (1456880 . . . 1459834, complement) ID: 13530688 111. Belba_3201 CRISPR-associated protein Cas9/Csn1, subtype II/NMEMI[Belliella baltica DSM 15883] Other Aliases: Belba_3201 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018010.1 (3445311 . . . 3449369, complement) ID: 13056967 112. FN3523_1121 membrane protein[Francisella cf. novicida 3523] Other Aliases: FN3523_1121 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017449.1 (1129528 . . . 1134468, complement) ID: 12924881 113. cas9 CRISPR-associated protein Cas9/Csn1, subtype II/NMEMI[Prevotella intermedia 17] Other Aliases: PIN17_A0201 Chromosome: II Annotation: Chromosome IINC_017861.1 (240722 . . . 244864) ID: 12849954 114. csn1 CRISPR-associated protein, Csn1 family[Streptococcus thermophilus JIM 8232] Other Aliases: STH8232_0853 Annotation: NC_017581.1 (706443 . . . 709808) ID: 12637306 115. LMOG_01918 CRISPR-associated protein[Listeria monocytogenes J0161] Other Aliases: LMOG_01918 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017545.1 (2735374 . . . 2739378, complement) ID: 12557915 116. LMRG_02138 CRISPR-associated protein[Listeria monocytogenes 10403S] Other Aliases: LMRG_02138 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017544.1 (2641981 . . . 2645985, complement) ID: 12554876 117. CJSA_1443 putative CRISPR-associated protein[Cannpylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni IA3902] Other Aliases: CJSA_1443 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017279.1 (1454273 . . . 1457227, complement) ID: 12250720 118. csn1 CRISPR-associated protein Csn1[Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS1882] Other Aliases: MGAS1882_0792 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017053.1 (775696 . . . 779799) ID: 12014080 119. csn1 CRISPR-associated protein Csn1[Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS15252] Other Aliases: MGAS15252_0796 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017040.1 (778271 . . . 782374) ID: 11991096 120. cas3 CRISPR-associated endonuclease[Corynebacterium diphtheriae HC02] Other Aliases: CDHC02_0036 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016802.1 (37125 . . . 40379) ID: 11739116 121. cas3 CRISPR-associated endonuclease[Corynebacterium diphtheriae C7 (beta)] Other Aliases: CDC7B_0035 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016801.1 (36309 . . . 39563) ID: 11737358 122. cas3 CRISPR-associated endonuclease[Corynebacterium diphtheriae BH8] Other Aliases: CDBH8_0038 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016800.1 (37261 . . . 40515) ID: 11735325 123. cas3 CRISPR-associated endonuclease[Corynebacterium diphtheriae 31A] Other Aliases: CD31A_0036 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016799.1 (34597 . . . 37851) ID: 11731168 124. cas3 CRISPR-associated endonuclease[Corynebacterium diphtheriae VA01] Other Aliases: CDVA01_0033 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016790.1 (34795 . . . 38049) ID: 11717708 125. cas3 CRISPR-associated endonuclease[Corynebacterium diphtheriae HC01] Other Aliases: CDHC01_0034 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016786.1 (35060 . . . 38314) ID: 11708318 126. cas9 CRISPR-associated protein[Corynebacterium diphtheriae HC01] Other Aliases: CDHC01_2103 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016786.1 (2246368 . . . 2248998) ID: 11708126 127. PARA_18570 hypothetical protein[Haemophilus parainfluenzae T3T1] Other Aliases: PARA_18570 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_015964.1 (1913335 . . . 1916493) ID: 11115627 128. HDN1F_34120 hypothetical protein[gamma proteobacterium HdN1] Other Aliases: HDN1F_34120 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_014366.1 (4143336 . . . 4146413, complement) ID: 9702142 129. SPy_1046 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus pyogenes M1 GAS] Other Aliases: SPy_1046 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_002737.1 (854757 . . . 858863) ID: 901176 130. GBS222_0765 Hypothetical protein[Streptococcus agalactiae] Other Aliases: GBS222_0765 Annotation: NC_021195.1 (810875 . . . 814987) ID: 15484689 131. NE061598_03330 hypothetical protein[Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis NE061598] Other Aliases: NE061598_03330 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017453.1 (601219 . . . 604590) ID: 12437259 132. NMV_1993 hypothetical protein[Neisseria meningitidis 8013] Other Aliases: NMV_1993 Annotation: NC_017501.1 (1917073 . . . 1920321) ID: 12393700 133. csn1 hypothetical protein[Cannpylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni M1] Other Aliases: CJM1_1467 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017280.1 (1433667 . . . 1436252, complement) ID: 12249021 134. FTU_0629 hypothetical protein[Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis TIGB03] Other Aliases: FTU_0629 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016933.1 (677092 . . . 680463) ID: 11890131 135. NMAA_0315 hypothetical protein[Neisseria meningitidis WUE 2594] Other Aliases: NMAA_0315 Annotation: NC_017512.1 (377010 . . . 380258, complement) ID: 12407849 136. WS1445 hypothetical protein[Wolinella succinogenes DSM 1740] Other Aliases: WS1445 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_005090.1 (1388202 . . . 1391381, complement) ID: 2554690 137. THITE_2123823 hypothetical protein[Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126] Other Aliases: THITE_2123823 Chromosome: 6 Annotation: Chromosome 6NC_016462.1 (1725696 . . . 1725928) ID: 11523019 138. XAC29_16635 hypothetical protein[Xanthomonas axonopodis Xac29-1] Other Aliases: XAC29_16635 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_020800.1 (3849847 . . . 3850302) ID: 14853997 139. M1GAS476_0830 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus pyogenes M1 476] Other Aliases: M1GAS476_0830 Chromosome: 1 Annotation: NC_020540.1 (792119 . . . 796225) ID: 14819166 140. Piso0_000203 Piso0_000203[Millerozynna farinosa CBS 7064] Other Aliases: GNLVRS01_PISO0A04202g Other Designations: hypothetical protein Chromosome: A Annotation: NC_020226.1 (343553 . . . 343774, complement) ID: 14528449 141. G148_0828 hypothetical protein[Riemerella anatipestifer RA-CH-2] Other Aliases: G148_0828 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_020125.1 (865673 . . . 869875) ID: 14447195 142. csn1 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis AC-2713] Other Aliases: SDSE_1207 Annotation: NC_019042.1 (1134173 . . . 1138288, complement) ID: 13901498 143. A964_0899 hypothetical protein[Streptococcus agalactiae GD201008-001] Other Aliases: A964_0899 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_018646.1 (935164 . . . 939276) ID: 13681619 144. FNFX1_0762 hypothetical protein[Francisella cf. novicida Fx1] Other Aliases: FNFX1_0762 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_017450.1 (781484 . . . 786373) ID: 12435564 145. FTV_0545 hypothetical protein[Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis TI0902] Other Aliases: FTV_0545 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_016937.1 (601185 . . . 604556) ID: 11880693 146. FTL_1327 hypothetical protein[Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica LVS] Other Aliases: FTL_1327 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_007880.1 (1262508 . . . 1263689, complement) ID: 3952607 147. FTL_1326 hypothetical protein[Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica LVS] Other Aliases: FTL_1326 Genomic context: Chromosome Annotation: NC_007880.1 (1261927 . . . 1262403, complement) ID: 3952606 

We claim:
 1. A method for antibody production, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a mouse or progeny thereof developed from the modified mouse ES cell, wherein the modified mouse ES cell has been produced by contacting a mouse ES cell with: a Cas9 protein; a CRISPR RNA that hybridizes to a CRISPR target sequence at the genomic locus of interest; a tracrRNA; and an incoming nucleic acid sequence that is flanked by: (i) a 5′ homology arm that is homologous to a 5′ target sequence at the genomic locus of interest; and (ii) a 3′ homolog arm that is homologous to a 3′ target sequence at the genomic locus of interest; wherein following the contacting step, the genome of the mouse ES cell is modified to comprise a targeted genetic modification comprising a disruption of a target protein or domain thereof thereby producing a modified mouse ES cell and developing the mouse from the modified mouse ES cell; (b) immunizing the mouse with a predetermined antigen; (c) removing B lymphocytes from the mouse and selecting one or more B lymphocytes expressing antibodies that bind to the antigen; and (d) isolating an antibody expressed by the B lymphocytes.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of producing the modified mouse ES cell wherein the step comprises contacting a mouse ES cell with: a Cas9 protein; a CRISPR RNA that hybridizes to a CRISPR target sequence at the genomic locus of interest; a tracrRNA; and an incoming nucleic acid sequence that is flanked by: (i) a 5′ homology arm that is homologous to a 5′ target sequence at the genomic locus of interest; and (ii) a 3′ homolog arm that is homologous to a 3′ target sequence at the genomic locus of interest, wherein following the contacting step, the genome of the mouse ES cell is modified to comprise a targeted genetic modification comprising a disruption of a target protein or domain thereof thereby producing a modified mouse ES cell;
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the incoming nucleic acid is at least 10 kb in size.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the targeted genomic modification comprises: deletion of a region of the genomic locus of interest wherein the deletion is at least 20 kb; and/or insertion of the insert nucleic acid at the genomic locus of interest wherein the insertion is at least 20 kb.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein prior to performing step (a), the mouse ES cell comprises a deletion of one or more mouse antibody gene segments, antibody variable regions, or antibody constant regions
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein prior to performing step (a), the mouse ES cell comprises an insertion of one or more human antibody gene segments, antibody variable regions, or antibody constant regions.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein prior to performing step (a), the mouse ES cell comprises a deletion of one or more mouse antibody gene segments, antibody variable regions, or antibody constant regions and an insertion of one or more human antibody gene segments, antibody variable regions, or antibody constant regions.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising isolating from the B lymphocytes a nucleic acid encoding the antibody.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (e) isolating from the B lymphocytes a nucleic acid encoding the antibody.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: (f) exchanging the heavy chain constant region nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid encoding the antibody with a nucleotide sequence encoding a human heavy chain constant region; humanised heavy chain constant region; or a non-naturally occurring human constant region.
 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising a step of affinity maturing the variable region of the antibody.
 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising a step of inserting the isolated nucleic acid into an expression vector or host.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody expressed by the B lymphocytes is a IgG-type antibody.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises a step of immortalizing the selected B lymphocytes of progeny thereof after step (d).
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises a step of producing hybridomas from the selected B lymphocytes of progeny thereof after step (d).
 16. The method of claim 4, wherein the targeted genomic modification comprises insertion of one or more of: a. one or more human antibody heavy chain variable domains; b. one or more human antibody kappa light chain variable domains; c. one or more human antibody lambda light chain variable domains; and d. one or more human Fc receptor protein or subunit or domain thereof.
 17. The method of claim 4, wherein the targeted genomic modification comprises deletion of one or more mouse antibody heavy chain variable domains and insertion of one or more human antibody heavy chain variable domains.
 18. The method of claim 4, wherein the targeted genomic modification comprises deletion of one or more mouse antibody kappa light chain variable domains and insertion of one or more human antibody kappa light chain variable domains.
 19. The method of claim 4, wherein the targeted genomic modification comprises deletion of one or more mouse antibody lambda light chain variable domains and insertion of one or more human antibody lambda light chain variable domains.
 20. The method of claim 4, wherein the targeted genomic modification comprises deletion of one or more mouse Fc receptor protein or subunit or domain thereof and insertion of one or more human Fc receptor protein or subunit or domain thereof.
 21. The method of claim 4, wherein the targeted genomic modification comprises insertion of one or more human antibody gene segments, antibody variable regions, or antibody constant regions.
 22. The method of claim 4, wherein the targeted genomic modification comprises deletion of one or more mouse antibody gene segments, antibody variable regions, or antibody constant regions and insertion of one or more human antibody gene segments, antibody variable regions, or antibody constant regions.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the targeted genomic modification comprises a knock-out of a target protein or domain thereof.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) comprises the use of at least two CRISPR RNAs; each of which hybridizes to a CRISPR target sequence at the same genomic locus of interest.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein an indel is created at the genomic locus, wherein the indel results in a knock-out or disruption of a target protein.
 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated antibody produced by the method method of claim
 1. 27. A nucleic acid produced by the method of claim
 9. 